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Configuring Oracle Identity and Access Management components

admin — Mon, 06 Feb 2012 09:30:04 +0000

Oracle Fusion Applications Installation: Configuring Oracle Identity and Access Management components

Previous: Installing Oracle Identity and Access Management Components

Configuring Oracle Identity Management components” can be divided into following tasks.

Configuring the Web Tier
Create Weblogic Domain for Identity Management
Extending the Domain with Oracle Internet Directory
Extending the Domain with Oracle Directory Service Manager (ODSM)
Extending the Domain with Oracle Virtual Directory
Extending the Domain with Oracle Access Manager
Extending the Domain to Configure Oracle Identity Manager and Oracle SOA Suite
Installing and Configuring WebGate

Please note that this post is going to be long so allow time to load all images.

Configuring the Web Tier

Start the configuration from /bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh

Click Next

Select “Oracle HTTP Server” and click Next

For Instance location enter “/app/fusion/bea_default/instances” since we will keep all instances in this location. Provide any appropriate Instance name and OHS component name. We will go for the defaults. Click Next

Select “Specify Ports using Configuration File” and enter file name as /home/oracle/staticports.ini

Now we will copy staticports.ini default file from /installers/webtier/Disk1/stage/Response to home directory /home/oracle

cp /mnt/fusion/installers/webtier/Disk1/stage/Response/staticports.ini ~/staticports.ini

Now click on “View/Edit File” to edit this file.

Uncomment and set the following values. Click Save

OPMN Local Port = 6700

OHS Port = 7777

Click Next

Deselect email notification and click Next

Save summary if needed and click Configure to start configuration.

Important Note: If SELinux is enabled in your Linux operating System then it will throw an error. Since we already disabled it during installation, we will not see that error here.

Once installation finishes, click Next

Save installation summary if needed and click Finish to complete the installation.

It would have already started HTTP server now. We can verify the same.

[oracle@fusion instances]$ ps -ef | grep http

oracle 3521 3491 0 10:06 ? 00:00:00 /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/ohs/bin/httpd.worker -DSSL

oracle 3547 3521 0 10:06 ? 00:00:00 /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/ohs/bin/httpd.worker -DSSL

oracle 3548 3521 0 10:06 ? 00:00:00 /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/ohs/bin/httpd.worker -DSSL

oracle 3549 3521 0 10:06 ? 00:00:00 /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/ohs/bin/httpd.worker -DSSL

Check /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/instances/instance1/config/OHS/ohs1/httpd.conf to make sure it reflects correct user and group name

User oracle

Group oinstall

We can launch http://fusion:7777 (Homepage of Oracle HTTP server) now. It will look as follows.

Create Weblogic Domain for Identity Management

Start the configuration from /oracle_common/commin/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ /app/fusion/bea_default/oracle_common/common/bin/config.sh

Select “Create a new Weblogic domain” and click Next

Select “Oracle Enterprise Manager – 11.1.1.0 [oracle_common]” and “Oracle JRF – 11.1.1.0 [oracle_common]” and click Next

Enter details as above or accept default values and click Next.

Since it accepts minimum 8 characters set password again to
oracle123. Please note that you can also change username from weblogic but in future whenever we refer to weblogic user you must enter the new user which selected. We will go for default “weblogic” username

You would see option of Oracle JRockit here. So select that JDK in this list.

Select “Administration Server” and “Managed Servers, Clusters and Machines”. Click Next

Keep defaults but make a note of the port since this will be widely used during next part of installation. Click Next

Just click Next

Click Next again

Select Second Tab “Unix Machine” and enter the hostname as above. Click Next

Click on AdminServer and Click right arrow. Click Next

It will now look as above. Click Next

On Summary page click Create

Once installation finishes, click Done

Make sure that the encrypted username and password values are already in boot.properties

[oracle@fusion security]$ more /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/servers/AdminServer/security/boot.properties

# Generated by Configuration Wizard on Mon Jan 23 10:59:07 GST 2012

username={AES}zaXc3+4y2KGuxnK6WkI7ehKcliQDeandkjdTdu0vpuY=

password={AES}WZ6Zo+j6aGoCyE2nQmCCdboEkA8TDGRlagdSqFGRedo=

Set StartScriptEnabled=true in nodemanager.properties by running following script

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/oracle_common/common/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./setNMProps.sh

Appending required nodemanager.properties

Verify the change.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ tail -f /app/fusion/bea_default/wlserver_10.3/common/nodemanager/nodemanager.properties

#Required NM Property overrides (append to existing nodemanager.properties)

StartScriptEnabled=true

Start Node manager

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/wlserver_10.3/server/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ nohup ./startNodeManager.sh &

…

IDM_domain -> /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain

…

INFO: Secure socket listener started on port 5556

Start Weblogic AdminServer

[oracle@fusion bin]$ nohup
/app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/bin/startWebLogic.sh &

tail nohup.out file until it shows following message.

Open Weblogic Admin Console

Launch Weblogic Admin console through
http://fusion:7001/console

Note: Go to preferences and change “automatic acquire lock” settings to avoid accidental changes since we are in development mode.

Configuring HTTP server for the Administration Server

Create a new file admin.conf as follows.

[oracle@fusion moduleconf]$ more /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/instances/instance1/config/OHS/ohs1/moduleconf/admin.conf

ServerName fusion:80

ServerAdmin you@your.address

RewriteEngine On

RewriteOptions inherit

RewriteRule ^/console/jsp/common/logout.jsp /oamsso/logout.html [PT]

RewriteRule ^/em/targetauth/emaslogout.jsp /oamsso/logout.html [PT]

# Admin Server and EM

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicHost fusion

WeblogicPort 7001

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicHost fusion

WeblogicPort 7001

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicHost fusion

WeblogicPort 7001

Restart http server.

ORACLE_HOME=/app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1

export ORACLE_HOME

ORACLE_INSTANCE=/app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/instances/instance1

export ORACLE_INSTANCE

PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/opmn/bin:$PATH

export PATH

opmnctl stopall

opmnctl startall

Now we need to Register HTTP server with Weblogic Server so that Enterprise Manager can monitor the instance.

[oracle@fusion ~]$ opmnctl registerinstance -adminHost fusion -adminport 7001 -adminUsername weblogic

Command requires login to weblogic admin server (fusion):

Username: weblogic

Password:

…

Done

Registering instance

Command succeeded.

Note: We will not enable load-balancer access since we have skipped load-balancing in this single node installation guide.

Enable Weblogic Plugin

Log in the Oracle Weblogic Server Administration and click on Lock and Edit. Click on IDMDomain and Click on Configuration tab and then select the Web Applications tab.

Scroll down and enable “Weblogic Plug-in Enabled”.

Click on Save and Activate the Changes.

Restart the Weblogic Administration Server.

Extending the Domain with Oracle Internet Directory

Start the configuration from

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh &

Click Next

Select “Configure Without A Domain” and click Next

Make sure to select any directory inside MW_HOME/instances. You can accept default for Instance Name. Click Next

Deselect email notification and click Next

Select only “Oracle Internet Directory” and click Next

Select “Specify Ports using Configuration File” and enter file name as /home/oracle/staticports.ini

In another terminal window copy the staticports.ini file to home directory.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cp /app/fusion/provisioning/idm/idm/Disk1/stage/Response/staticports.ini ~/

Click on View/Edit file

VERY IMPORTANT:

As per Oracle Manual we should Change it to as follows.

#The Non-SSL port for OID

Oracle Internet Directory Port No = 389

#The SSL port for OID

Oracle Internet Directory (SSL) Port No = 636

But OID fails to configure and start at the end of installation with these values so we will stick to the OID values for 11g in the staticports.ini and just remove the comments.

#The Non-SSL port for OID

Oracle Internet Directory Port No = 3060

#The SSL port for OID

Oracle Internet Directory (SSL) Port No = 3061

Click Save

Once saved, click Next

Enter oracle123 or any suitable password. If you are using different passwords then please make a note of all of them. Click Next

Since we are not using any domains as such but as we have added an entry in our hosts file for fusion.localdomain, we will add “dc=localdomain” for Realm. Enter oracle123 or any suitable password. Click Next

Save summary if needed and click Configure to start configuration.

Once installation finishes, click Next

Save installation summary if needed and click Finish to complete the installation.

Validate the OID installation

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export ORACLE_HOME=/app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export ORACLE_INSTANCE=/app/fusion/bea_default/instances/oid_inst1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/opmn/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/ldap/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/ldap/admin:$PATH

[oracle@fusion ~]$ ldapbind -h fusion -p 3060 -D “cn=orcladmin” -q

Please enter bind password:

bind successful

[oracle@fusion ~]$ ldapbind -h fusion -p 3061 -D “cn=orcladmin” -q -U 1

Please enter bind password:

bind successful

[oracle@fusion ~]$ opmnctl status

Processes in Instance: oid_inst1

———————————+——————–+———+———

ias-component | process-type | pid | status

———————————+——————–+———+———

oid1 | oidldapd | 19810 | Alive

oid1 | oidldapd | 19798 | Alive

oid1 | oidmon | 19785 | Alive

EMAGENT | EMAGENT | 19325 | Alive

Registering Oracle Internet Directory with the WebLogic Server Domain

[oracle@fusion ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME

/app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ echo $ORACLE_INSTANCE

/app/fusion/bea_default/instances/oid_inst1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ opmnctl registerinstance -adminHost fusion -adminPort 7001 -adminUsername weblogic

Command requires login to weblogic admin server (fusion):

Username: weblogic

Password:

Registering instance

Command succeeded.

Note: We have skipped next steps related to SSL since we are setting up non-SSL connections here.

Update the Enterprise Manager Repository URL

Next we will update the Enterprise Manager Repository URL using the emctl utility with the switchOMS flag. The emctl utility is located under the ORACLE_INSTANCE/EMAGENT/EMAGENT/bin directory.

[oracle@fusion ~]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/instances/oid_inst1/EMAGENT/EMAGENT/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./emctl switchOMS http://fusion:7001/em/upload

Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 Grid Control 10.2.0.5.0.

Copyright (c) 1996, 2009 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SwitchOMS succeeded.

We can now verify whether this instance is registered for monitoring agent.

Login to http://fusion:7001/em

Click on Farm->Agent monitored targets.

You should be able to see the OID instance under this. Make sure that the Agent URL is showing up fine. If the status shows as “Need Configuration” then click on Configure and then in next screen enter weblogic user credentials. It should now show the correct Agent URL.

Extending the Domain with Oracle Directory Service Manager (ODSM)

Start the configuration from /bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh &

Click Next

Select “Extend Existing Domain” and enter details of existing weblogic Server and AdminServer port. Click Next

You can ignore this error since we created this domain using the Identity Management installer. Click Yes to ignore.

Verify that the weblogic server directory shown is correct as per previous steps. Specify name and path for Oracle Directory Service instance. Make sure to keep the instance in same parent directory as previous instances. Click Next

Deselect email notification and click Next

Select Oracle “Directory Service Manager” and click Next

Select “Specify Ports using Configuration File” and enter file name as /home/oracle/staticports.ini

Meanwhile in another terminal window copy the staticports.ini to home directory.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cp -p /app/fusion/provisioning/idm/idm/Disk1/stage/Response/staticports.ini ~/

Uncomment the ODS Server Port and keep it default 7006. Click Save.

Once Saved click Next.

Save summary if needed and click Configure to start configuration.

Once installation finishes, click Next

Save installation summary if needed and click Finish to complete the installation.

Password-less startup for ODS

cd /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/servers/wls_ods1/security

cp ../../AdminServer/security/boot.properties .

cd /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/bin

nohup ./startManagedWebLogic.sh wls_ods1

Now you can access ODS homepage at http://fusion:7006/odsm/faces/odsm.jspx (as per the above post-installation summary screen)

Register ODS with OID

Click on Connect to a directory -> Create A New Connection

Enter the details for OID.

Name: fusion-oid

Server: fusion

SSL Enabled: Unchecked

User Name: cn=orcladmin

Password: oracel123

Start Page: Home

Click Connect

Once connection is successful, you should be able to see OID page.

You can randomly check whether you are able to see details of any user, for example cn=orcladmin

Configuring Oracle HTTP Servers to Access the ODSM Console

[oracle@fusion moduleconf]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/instances/instance1/config/OHS/ohs1/moduleconf

[oracle@fusion moduleconf]$ vi admin.conf

# Append following lines in admin.conf

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicCluster fusion:7006

Restart HTTP server.

Now we can access ODSM through http://fusion:7777/odsm/faces/odsm.jspx

Extending the Domain with Oracle Virtual Directory

Start the configuration from /bin

[oracle@fusion ~]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1/bin/

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh &

Click Next

Select “Configure Without A Domain“. Click Next

Provide values for Oracle Virtual Directory (OVD) instance. You can accept default values. Click Next

Deselect email notification and click Next

Select “Oracle Virtual Directory” and click Next

Select “Specify Ports using Configuration File” and enter file name as /home/oracle/staticports.ini

Open a separate terminal/putty window and copy staticports.ini file to home directory.

[oracle@fusion ~]$ cp /app/fusion/provisioning/idm/idm/Disk1/stage/Response/staticports.ini ~/

Click on View/Edit.

Edit the staticports.ini file to assign ports 6501 and 7501, as follows.

# The non-SSL port for Oracle Virtual Directory

Oracle Virtual Directory port = 6501

# The SSL port for Oracle Virtual Directory

Oracle Virtual Directory (SSL) port = 7501

Click Save and then Next

Provide OID login details.

Uncheck “Configure Administrative Server in secure mode” since we are not using SSL anywhere in this installation. Click Next

Click Ok

Save summary if needed and click Configure to start configuration.

Once installation finishes, click Next

Save installation summary if needed and click Finish to complete the installation.

Registering OVD with the Oracle WebLogic Server Domain

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/instances/ovd_inst1/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./opmnctl registerinstance -adminHost fusion -adminPort 7001 -adminUsername weblogic

Command requires login to weblogic admin server (fusion):

Username: weblogic

Password:

Registering instance

Command succeeded.

Update the Enterprise Manager Repository URL using the emctl utility with the switchOMS flag.

The emctl utility is located under the ORACLE_INSTANCE/EMAGENT/EMAGENT/bin directory.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/instances/ovd_inst1/EMAGENT/EMAGENT/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./emctl switchOMS http://fusion:7001/em/upload

Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 Grid Control 10.2.0.5.0.

Copyright (c) 1996, 2009 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SwitchOMS succeeded.

We can now verify whether this instance is registered for monitoring agent.

Login to http://fusion:7001/em

Click on Farm->Agent monitored targets.

You should be able to see the OID and OVD instances under this. Make sure that the Agent URL is showing up fine. If the status shows as “Need Configuration” then click on Configure and then in next screen enter weblogic user credentials. It should now show the correct Agent URL.

Validate the Oracle Virtual Directory Instances

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export ORACLE_HOME=/app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IDM1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export ORACLE_INSTANCE=/app/fusion/bea_default/instances/ovd_inst1

[oracle@fusion ~]$ export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/opmn/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/ldap/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/ldap/admin:$PATH

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ldapbind -h fusion -p 6501 -D “cn=orcladmin” –q

Please enter bind password:

bind successful

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ldapbind -h fusion -p 7501 -D “cn=orcladmin” -q -U 1

Please enter bind password:

SSL handshake failed

This is fine since we did not configure SSL mode.

Creating ODSM connections to Oracle Virtual Directory

Open http://fusion:7777/odsm/faces/odsm.jspx

Click Connect to a directory -> Create a new connection

Enter details of OVD here.

Name: fusion-ovd

Host: fusion

Port: 8899

SSL Enabled: Unchecked

User Name: cn=orcladmin

Password: oracle123

Start Page: Home

Click Connect

It will display OVD home page.

Note: We are skipping the adapter creation for now. We will create them later once needed.

Extending the Domain with Oracle Access Manager

Start the configuration from

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/oracle_common/common/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh

Click “Extend an existing WebLogic domain” and click Next

Scroll down and select user_projects->domains->IDM_domain. Click Next

Select only “Oracle Access Manager with Database Policy Store” and click on Next.

Here you need to provide the database connection details and choose schema owner username. You can keep the name default but make sure to keep a note of it since you will need this later. Choose a password for example oracle123. Click Next

Now it will test the database connectivity through JDBC.

Once successful, click Next

Select “Managed Servers, Clusters and Machines” only and click Next

The first row was from previous configuration of ODS and now there will be another row for OAM. Keep the default port and make a note of it. Enter wls_oam1 for the instance name (or whichever you chose while creating instance) and click Next

Just click Next

On the “Machines” tab make sure that correct hostname is entered. Click Next

Select wls_oam1 and click the right arrow.

Now it should look as above. Click Next

On the summary page Click Extend.

Click OK Since we are aware that these are correct ports being used by AdminServer and wls_ods1 instance.

Once configuration finishes, click Done.

You can start the managed server by using following command.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./startManagedWebLogic.sh wls_oam1

This will create the directory /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/servers/wls_oam1

Press CTRL+C to stop the process since we will need to configure startup without password prompt.

[oracle@fusion wls_oam1]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/servers/wls_oam1

[oracle@fusion wls_oam1]$ cp ../wls_ods1/security/ boot.properties .

Now we can start the managed server without prompting for password.

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/user_projects/domains/IDM_domain/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ nohup ./startManagedWebLogic.sh wls_oam1 &

Configuring Oracle HTTP Servers to Display Login Page and Oracle Access Manager Console

Append following entries in /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_WT1/instances/instance1/config/OHS/ohs1/moduleconf/admin.conf

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicCluster fusion:14100

SetHandler weblogic-handler

WebLogicHost fusion

WebLogicPort 7001

Restart HTTP Server to bring this to effect.

Note: There are few other steps as well as per Oracle documentation but we will skip them for now.

Extending the Domain to Configure Oracle Identity Manager and Oracle SOA Suite

Start the configuration from

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/oracle_common/common/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh &

Select “Extend an existing WebLogic domain” and click Next

Scroll down and select user_projects->domains->IDM_domain and click Next

Select Oracle Identity Manager. It will automatically select Oracle SOA Suite and Oracle WSM. Click Next

Check all to modify all entries together. Provide database connect details and select a password for all. Accept default value for Schema owner names. Click Next

Now it will test the database connectivity through JDBC.

Once JDBC test is successful, click Next

Select only “Managed Servers, Clusters and Machines” and click Next

Add entries for soa_server1 and oim_server1. As per Oracle documentation you can change them to wls_soa1 and wls_oim1 as well. But here we have kept them as default.

Note the ports and click Next.

Just click Next

Since we are using Linux/Unix machine, delete entry from above screen. And proceed to Unix Machine tab.

Make sure correct hostname is entered here. Click Next

Select oim_server1 and soa_server1 and click right arrow. (if you had renamed them to wls_oim1 and wls_soa1 then you will see those entries instead of this)

The screen will now look like above. Click Next

On Summary screen click Next

Click OK

Once configuration finishes, click Done

Configuring Oracle Identity Manager

Now we will configure the Identity Manager from /bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ cd /app/fusion/bea_default/Oracle_IAM/bin

[oracle@fusion bin]$ ./config.sh &

Click Next

Select only OIM Server and click Next

Enter database details in shown format “fusion:1521:fusiondb“. Select Schema names (keep default) and enter password (oracle123). Make sure to keep a note of these schema names DEV_OIM and DEV_MDS. We will need these later during provisioning plan. Click Next

Enter AdminServer details in t3://: format. Here t3://fusion:7001

Important Note: Before clicking next make sure that AdminServer is running otherwise it may throw following error on next page. Start or restart AdminServer if you see this error.

INST-6180: Error while retrieving OIM Managed Server URL from the domain.

Click Next

Enter passwords as follows and keep a note of them since we will require them in provisioning wizard.

OIM Admin password: Oracle123

Keystore Password: oracle123

Enter OIM HTTP URL as http://fusion:14000 (based on port value in previous configuration step). Click Next

Deselect both and click Next

Save the summary if required and click Configure.

Once configuration finishes click Next

Save the configuration summary if needed and click Finish to complete the configuration.

Installing and Configuring WebGate

Start Webgate 10g installation from /installers/webgate

[oracle@fusion webgate]$ cd /mnt/fusion/installers/webgate

[oracle@fusion webgate]$ ./Oracle_Access_Manager10_1_4_3_0_linux64_OHS11g_WebGate –gui

Click Next

Enter the OS oracle user details. Click Next

Select a path where you want to install webgate. We have selected /app/fusion/webgate. Click Next

Click Next

Open a new terminal/putty window and execute following commands. Once done enter the location /app/fusion/oam_lib in this screen and click Next to start the installation.

[oracle@fusion oam_lib]$ mkdir /app/fusion/oam_lib

[oracle@fusion oam_lib]$ ln -s /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.5 /app/fusion/oam_lib/libstdc++.so.5

[oracle@fusion oam_lib]$ ln -s /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 /app/fusion/oam_lib/libgcc_s.so.1

Now WebGate Configuration will start. Select “Open Mode” and click Next

Since this screen requires WebGate ID from Access Manager. We need to first create a Webgate Agent in Access Manager. So keep this Java window open and open Oracle Access Manager Console in browser by entering http://fusion/oamconsole or http://fusion:7777/oamconsole

Note: We could have done this before starting Webgate installation as well but keeping it here in the guide gives you an idea where we are going to this configuration. Next time when you install, you can do this step before itself.

Login with weblogic admin user.

Once logged under SSO Agents, click on New “OAM 10g Webgate” (since we are installing 10g webgate).

Enter name: Webgate_sso or any name

Base URL: http://fusion:7777

Host Identifier: Webgate_sso

Security: Open

Uncheck all 3 options on right.

Click Apply

Now Edit the same Webgate Agent again. It will show following screen.

We did not put domain since we are using only http://fusion

Change Max Connections to 4

Logout URL: Enter following values.

/oamconsole/logout.html

/console/jsp/common/logout.jsp

/em/targetauth/eamlogout.jsp

Click Apply

Once webgate Agent is created in OAM, go back to the already open configuration window and enter following details and click Next to finish the configuration. In case if the configuration window was closed, you can also launch the configuration from command prompt.

[oracle@fusion webgate]$ /app/fusion/webgate/access/oblix/tools/configureWebGate/start_configureWebGate -i /app/fusion/webgate/access -t WebGate

Please enter the Mode in which you want the Web Gate to run : 1(Open) 2(Simple) 3(Cert) : 1

Please enter the Web Gate ID : Webgate_sso

Please enter the Password for this Web Gate :

Please enter the Access Server ID : wls_oam1

Please enter the Access Server Host Machine Name : fusion

Please enter the Access Server Port : 5575

Preparing to connect to Access Server. Please wait.

Web Gate installed Successfully.

Press enter key to continue …

As per Oracle documentation there are a few steps to use the Webgate and validate but we will skip them for now.

Next step is to prepare Identity and Policy Stores by creating necessary users and groups for provisioning Fusion Applications.

Next: Preparing Identity and Policy Stores

Installing Oracle Fusion Applications – steps

Installing Fusion Applications Provisioning Framework

Installing Oracle 11g Database (Applications Transactional Database)

Running Oracle Fusion Applications Repository Creation Utility (Applications RCU)

Creating another database for Oracle Identity Management Infrastructure (optional)

Running Repository Creation Utility (RCU) for Oracle Identity Management components

Installing Oracle Identity and Access Management Components

Configuring Oracle Identity and Access Management components

Preparing Identity and Policy Stores

Creating a New Provisioning Plan

Provisioning an Applications Environment

Creating Oracle VirtualBox Virtual Machine with Oracle Linux 5

admin — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 15:23:42 +0000

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Creating Oracle VirtualBox Virtual Machine with Oracle Linux

Before we begin first download the required software.

Download and install Oracle VirtualBox Software from https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

Download Oracle Linux from http://edelivery.oracle.com/linux

Select “Oracle Linux” and “x86 64 bit“. Click Go

Download Oracle Linux Release 5 Update 7

If you are installing on your Windows machine then download the software for Windows.

Important Note: We are using Linux 5 because somehow Oracle Linux 6 (update 2) is not working with VirtualBox for us as it was not able to launch GUI mode. The whole installation was going in text mode and later also it was not able to shift to GUI mode. The error is as follows.

Click on New

Click Next

Provide any name for this VM and select Linux/Oracle (64 bit) for the OS Type. Click Next

In Memory screen, select at least 2 GB memory. I have selected 2.5 GB (2560 MB). Click Next.

Select “Startup Disk” and “Create new hard disk“. Click Next

Since we want our VM Disks to be compatible with VMWare as well, we will use VMDK file type.

Next screen we will select “Dynamically allocated” storage. This will allow us to keep the VM disk size according to the actual usage. Click Next

Note: This of course makes VM a bit slower initially during the installation (compared to Fixed size) since in this case the VM needs to keep on increasing the disk size as we move with the installation. So we have to choose between the trade-offs.

Provide a location with at least 300 GB available space. Select size as 300 GB. Click Next

On Summary screen click on “Create” to create the Virtual Disk.

On next Summary screen click on “Create” to create the Virtual Machine.

Click on Settings

Click on Network. Select “Host-only Adapter“. We will explain this later while assigning IP in Linux. Click OK

Make sure to have Operating System CD (Here Oracle Linux 5) in the CD drive. Click on Start

Note: You can optionally use Virtual CD drive software (for example Daemon tools-lite) to mount an ISO image to a virtual CD.

Click Next

Select the drive / virtual drive containing OS installation CD/DVD. Click Next

Click on Start to begin installation of Linux

In the next section we will coner Installing Linux on Physical or Virtual Machine (VMWare or VirtualBox) .

Note: This is a generic guide which can be used for installation on Physical or Virtual machine.

Installing Linux Operating System

Press Enter to continue with Graphical mode installation

At this moment we can ignore this message if it appears since graphics is already available. Once we install Virtualbox Guest Additions (Explained later)

Use TAB to select between options. Select “Skip” and press Enter

Click Next

Keep default “English (English)” Click Next

Keep default “US English” Click Next

Since our disk is blank and not yet formatted to Linux File System, click “Yes” to erase all data.

Select “Remove all partitions on selected drive and create default layout” and click Next

Manually assign host name. We are using “fusion” as our hostname. We will assign IP later.

Important note: We will use the hostname “fusion” throughout this installation. If you are planning to change the host name then make sure that you enter the new name everywhere during the installation wherever we have mentioned “fusion”

Select Customize now and click Next

Make sure to include following while selecting.

Now select Base System from the left pane and check System Tools from the right pane. Click on Optional packages. In the list of packages select oracle-validated package. This package will create a Linux user oracle and will create necessary Linux groups. This package will also set Linux kernel parameters needed for Oracle installations.

Click Next to finish the installation and reboot the OS.

After first boot, above welcome screen appears. Click Forward

Select Yes and click Forward

Select Disabled and click Forward

Select Disabled in this screen and click Forward.

Please note that if this is kept Enforcing then at one point the installation will fail to start the services.

Click Forward

Select correct date and time and click Forward

We can skip this page since we will create users later if required. Just click Forward

Click Forward

Click Finish. On the login screen, login as root

Now let us check what is the IP range for our VM network. Open command prompt on your host windows OS.

C:\>ipconfig

Windows IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter VirtualBox Host-Only Network:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :

IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.56.1

Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :

In the ipconfig output look for VirtualBox Host-Only Network. We can see that the IP address is 192.168.56.1. This is our gateway for VM. Since the Subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, we can change the last octet and assign any IP in that range for our VM. Let us select 192.168.56.101 as our VM IP.

Click on System->Administration->Network

Click on Edit.

Enter manual IP address as follows.

IP: 192.168.56.101

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Gateway: 192.168.56.1

Click on File->Save and click Activate. Now on shell prompt run following command as root to restart network services.

service network restart

Make an entry for this IP for the host in /etc/hosts file. Also comment out IPv6 entry (localhost6). Also create an additional alias fusion.localdomain (we will use this later)

[root@fusion ~]# cat /etc/hosts

# Do not remove the following line, or various programs

# that require network functionality will fail.

127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain localhost

#::1            localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6

192.168.56.101 fusion fusion.localdomain

Now we must install Guest Additions to smoothly use the VM along with the host windows. We can have higher resolution and also easier mouse movements between VM and host Windows after this.

Click Devices-> Install Guest Additions in the VirtualBox menu. This will automatically mount a CD on the VM CD drive.

Then run following commands. Make sure you are logged in as root

cd /media/VBOXADDITIONS_4.1.8_75467

./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run

This will install the Guest Additions. Reboot the VM. Now we can change the resolution to higher value.

Click on System -> Preferences -> Screen Resolution

Change the resolution to 1024×768. Click Apply. On next reboot the system will show higher resolution.

Now we will mount the already created Stage directory/Provisioning Repository in the Linux VM.

In the VirtualBox window, click on Settings

Click on Shared Folders -> Add shared folder

Browse for the directory where we staged the installation files. We will mount it as “Read-only” because we do not want to make any changes in the source folder.

It will look as above. Click OK

Now we will mount it in the VM. Login as root and run following commands.

[root@fusion ~]# mkdir /mnt/fusion

[root@fusion ~]# chown oracle:dba /mnt/fusion/

[root@fusion ~]# mount -t vboxsf FusionStage /mnt/fusion/

[root@fusion ~]# ls -l /mnt/fusion/

drwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Sep 7 08:02 appspatches

drwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 8 15:35 installers

drwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Sep 7 02:28 jdk6

Please note that since the installation involves graphical interface, you can either run it directly by opening a terminal window from the Virtual Machine GUI or we can use putty on windows to connect to the virtual machine. When you use putty from windows then you must use tools like XManager to view output on host.

Also please make sure that sufficient swap memory is available by using “free –m” command. It least double the amount of RAM should be available as swap space. If not manually add swap files.

For example, adding 4 GB swap space.

[root@fusion fusiondb]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1024 count=4194304

4194304+0 records in

4194304+0 records out

4294967296 bytes (4.3 GB) copied, 112.697 seconds, 38.1 MB/s

[root@fusion fusiondb]# mkswap /swapfile1

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4294963 kB

[root@fusion fusiondb]# swapon /swapfile1

[root@fusion fusiondb]# free -m

total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:          2506       2386        119          0          9       1871

-/+ buffers/cache:        505       2000

Swap:         5605        152       5452

Next: Installing Fusion Applications Provisioning Framework

Installing Oracle Fusion Applications – steps

Installing Fusion Applications Provisioning Framework

Installing Oracle 11g Database (Applications Transactional Database)

Running Oracle Fusion Applications Repository Creation Utility (Applications RCU)

Creating another database for Oracle Identity Management Infrastructure (optional)

Running Repository Creation Utility (RCU) for Oracle Identity Management components

Installing Oracle Identity and Access Management Components

Configuring Oracle Identity and Access Management components

Preparing Identity and Policy Stores

Creating a New Provisioning Plan

Provisioning an Applications Environment

Unix/Solaris Terminal too wide

admin — Tue, 27 Apr 2010 12:10:56 +0000

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On older Solaris or other Unix systems we quite often see following error while opening log files etc in vi or view terminal

root> vi abc

Terminal too wide

:

This is because the terminal is not wide enough to display more characters in one line.

Solution:

Execute following command on shell prompt. This will increase the width the number of columns on the terminal. After this you should be able to open files in vi or view without any issues.

stty columns 120

Unix delete or rename a file starting with hyphen or junk character

admin — Tue, 27 Apr 2010 11:22:56 +0000

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Many a times we face a problem wherein mistakenly some files get created in a directory which are hard to rename or remove especially when working with putty terminal, by mistake if you paste come content on command prompt then it will create junk files with hyphen, tilde or any junk character in beginning.

For example “-abc”, “~abc” etc.

Solution:

In this case “rm -abc” or “rm ~abc” etc will not work. Simple solution is to use “rm ./-abc” or “rm./~abc” etc

vi commands quick reference

admin — Wed, 24 Jun 2009 06:23:12 +0000

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Unix vi commands quick reference

General Notes:
1. Before practicing using this vi tutorial, type the following command followed by a   carriage return: :set showmode
2. vi is not VI. It is case sensitive!!! So make sure Caps Lock is OFF.

Requirements:

In order to work correctly the vi need correct terminal type (TERM) setting. The TERM setting depends on the type of terminal you have. Commonly used TERM types are vt100, vt220 and ANSI. In most cases vt100 will work fine. In case vi is not able to understand the TERM you have given, it starts in open mode giving you a line by line display. Generally TERM is taken from .profile or /etc/profile, but can be set at the command line as:

$TERM=vt100

$export TERM

echo $TERM will display the current TERM set.

Starting and Ending VI

Starting VI

vi filename Edits filename starting at line1

vi -r filename Recover filename that was being edited when system crashed

vi + n filename Edits filename and places cursor at line n

vi + filename Edits filename and places cursor on last line

vi +/string filename Edits filename and places cursor on first occurrence of string

vi filename file2 … Edits filename, then edits file2 … After the save, use :n

Ending VI

ZZ or :wq or : x Saves and exits VI

:w Saves current file but doesn’t exit

:w! Saves current file overriding normal checks but doesn’t exit

:w file Saves current as file but doesn’t exit

:w! file Saves to file overriding normal checks but doesn’t exit

:n,mw file Saves lines n through m to file

:n,mw >>file Saves lines n through m to the end of file

:q Quits VI and may prompt if you need to save

:q! Quits VI and without saving

:e! Edits file discarding any unsaved changes (revert to previous saved version)

:e file Edits file (current file becomes alternate file)

:e# Edit alternate file

:we! Saves and continues to edit current file

% Display current filename

# Display alternate filename

:n Edit next file

:n! Edit next file (ignoring warnings)

:n files Specify new list of files

:r file Insert(read) file after cursor

:r !command Run command, and insert output after current line

Determining Line Numbers

:.= Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen

:= Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen

^g Provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines,
in the file at the bottom of the screen

Modes

Vi has two modes: 1) Insertion mode and 2) command mode.The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur.

Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing: q!).

Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for “colon” commands which execute when you press the return key.

Inserting, appending and replacing Text

Inserting and appending text

I Inserts text at the beginning of the current line

i Inserts text at the cursor

A Appends text at the end of current line

a Appends text after the cursor

Adding new line

O Open a new line above the current line

o Open a new line below the current line

Replacing a character & word

R Replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until hit

r Replace single character under cursor (no needed)

cw Replaces the word from cursor to the end indicated by $ sign

C Replaces till end of line

:r file Reads file and inserts it after current line

:nr file Reads file and inserts it after line n

Things to do while in Insert Mode:

CTRL-h or Backspace While inserting, deletes previous character

CTRL-w While inserting, deletes previous word

CTRL-x While inserting, deletes to start of inserted text

CTRL-i or TAB While inserting, inserts one shift width(tab)

CTRL-v char While inserting, ignores special meaning of char (e.g., for inserting characters like ESC and CTRL) until ESC is used

CTRL-v Take the next character literally. (i.e. To insert a Control-H, type Control-v Control-h)

Motion

h or or [left-arrow] Moves the cursor to the left

j or or [down-arrow] Moves down the cursor

k or [up-arrow] Moves up the cursor

l or or [right-arrow] Moves the cursor to the right

Arrow Keys These do work, but they may be too slow on big files. Also may have unpredictable results when arrow keys are not mapped correctly in client.

w Moves cursor to the beginning of the next word

W Moves the cursor to next blank delimited word

b Moves the cursor back to beginning of the preceding word

B Moves the cursor to the beginning of blank delimited word

^ Moves the cursor to the first non-blank character in the current line

+ or Enter Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line

- Moves the cursor to the first non-blank character of the previous line

e Moves cursor to the end of the current word

E Moves cursor to the end of Blank delimited word

( Moves cursor a sentence back

) Moves cursor a sentence forward

{ Moves cursor a paragraph back

} Moves cursor a paragraph forward

[[ Moves cursor a section back

]] Moves cursor a section forward

0 or | Moves cursor to the start of the current line

N| Moves cursor to the column n in the current line

$ Moves cursor to the end of the current line

1G or :0 Moves cursor to the start of the first line in the file

G or :$ Moves cursor to the start of the last line in the file

nG or :n Moves cursor to the start of the nth line in the file

F Moves cursor forward to c

Fc Moves cursor back to c

H Moves cursor to the first line on the screen, or “home”

nH Moves cursor to nth line from the top of the screen

M Move cursor to the middle line on the screen

L Move cursor to the last line on the screen

nL Moves cursor to nth line from the bottom of the screen

CTRL-d Moves down ½ screen

CTRL-f Moves forward one full screen

CTRL-u Moves up ½ screen

CTRL-b Moves backward one full screen

CTRL-e Moves screen up one line

CTRL-y Moves screen down one line

CTRL-l Clears and redraws the current screen

CTRL-r Redraws the screen, removing deleted lines

CTRL-T Moves cursor to next tab position

CTRL-W Moves back one word

Z z-carriage return makes the current line the top line on the page

Nz Makes the line n the top line on the page

z. Makes the current line the middle line on the page

Nz. Makes the line n the middle line on the page

z- Makes the current line the bottom line on the page

Nz- Makes the line n the bottom line on the page

% Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]

Deleting Text

Almost all deletion commands are performed by typing d followed by a motion. For example, dw deletes a word. A few other deletes are:

x Delete character to the right of cursor

nx Deletes n characters starting with current; omitting n deletes current character only

X Delete character to the left of cursor

nX Deletes previous n characters; omitting n deletes previous character only

D Delete to the end of the line

D$ Deletes from the cursor to the end of the line

dd or :d or CTRL-U Delete current line

ndw Deletes the next n words starting with current

ndb Deletes the previous n words starting with current

ndd Deletes n lines beginning with the current line

:n,md Deletes lines n through m

dMotion_cmd Deletes everything included in the Motion Command (e.g., dG would delete from current position to the end of the file, and d4 would delete to the end of the fourth sentence).

“np Retrieves the last nth delete (last 9 deletes are kept in a buffer)

“1pu.u. Scrolls through the delete buffer until the desired delete is retrieved (repeat u.)

Yanking Text

Like deletion, almost all yank commands are performed by typing y followed by a motion. For example, y$ yanks to the end of the line. Two other yank commands are:

yy Yank the current line

:y Yank the current line

nyy or nY Places n lines in the buffer-copies

yMotion_cmd Copies everything from the curser to the Motion Command (e.g., yG would copy from current position to the end of the file, and y4 would copy to the end of the fourth sentence)

“(a-z)nyy or “(a-z)ndd Copies or cuts (deletes) n lines into a named buffer a through z; omitting n works on current line

Changing text

The change command is a deletion command that leaves the editor in insert mode. It is performed by typing c followed by a motion. For example cw changes a word. A few other change commands are:

C Change to the end of the line

cc or S Change the whole line until ESC is pressed

xp Switches character at cursor with following character

stext Substitutes text for the current character until ESC is used

cwtext Changes current word to text until ESC is used

Ctext Changes rest of the current line to text until ESC is used

cMotion_cmd Changes to text from current position to Motion Command until ESC is used

<< or >> Shifts the line left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)

N<< or n>> Shifts n lines left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)

<Motion_cmd or >Motion_cmd Use with Motion Command to shift multiple lines left or right

Putting text

p Put after the position or after the line

P Put before the position or before the line

“(a-z)p or “(a-z)P Pastes text from a named buffer a through z after or before the current line

Buffers

Named buffers may be specified before any deletion, change, yank or put command. The general prefix has the form “c where c is any lowercase character. For example, “adw deletes a word into buffer a. It may thereafter be put back into text with an appropriate “ap.

Markers

Named markers may be set on any line in a file. Any lower case letter may be a marker name. Markers may also be used as limits for ranges.

mc Set marker c on this line

‘c Go to beginning of marker c line.

‘c Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.

Search for strings

/string Search forward for string

?string Search back for string

n Search for next instance of string

N Search for previous instance of string

% Searches to beginning of balancing ( ) [ ] or { }

fc Searches forward in current line to char

Fc Searches backward in current line to char

tc Searches forward in current line to character before char

Tchar Searches backward in current line to character before char

?str Finds in reverse for str

:set ic Ignores case when searching

:set noic Pays attention to case when searching

:n,ms/str1/str2/opt Searches from n to m for str1; replaces str1 to str2; using opt-opt can be g for global change, c to confirm change (y to acknowledge, to suppress), and p to print changed lines

& Repeats last :s command

:g/str/cmd Runs cmd on all lines that contain str

:g/str1/s/str2/str3/ Finds the line containing str1, replaces str2 with str3

:v/str/cmd Executes cmd on all lines that do not match str

, Repeats, in reverse direction, last / or ? search command

Replace

The search and replace function is accomplished with the :s command. It is commonly used in combination with ranges or the :g command (below).

:s/pattern/string/flags Replace pattern with string according to flags.

G Flag – Replace all occurrences of pattern

C Flag – Confirm replaces.

& Repeat last :s command

Regular Expressions

. (dot) Any single character except newline

* zero or more occurrences of any character

[...] Any single character specified in the set

[^...] Any single character not specified in the set

\< Matches beginning of word

\> Matches end of word

^ Anchor – beginning of the line

$ Anchor – end of line

\< Anchor – beginning of word

\> Anchor – end of word

$…$ Grouping – usually used to group conditions

\n Contents of nth grouping

\ Escapes the meaning of the next character (e.g., \$ allows you to search for $)

\\ Escapes the \ character

[...] – Set Examples

[A-Z] The SET from Capital A to Capital Z

[a-z] The SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

[0-9] The SET from 0 to 9 (All numerals)

[./=+] The SET containing. (dot), / (slash), =, and +

[-A-F] The SET from Capital A to Capital F and the dash (dashes must be specified first)

[0-9 A-Z] The SET containing all capital letters and digits and a space

[A-Z][a-zA-Z] In the first position, the SET from Capital A to Capital Z
In the second character position, the SET containing all letters

[a-z]{m} Look for m occurrences of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

[a-z]{m,n} Look for at least m occurrences, but no more than n occurrences of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

Regular Expression Examples

/Hello/ Matches if the line contains the value Hello

/^TEST$/ Matches if the line contains TEST by itself

/^[a-zA-Z]/ Matches if the line starts with any letter

/^[a-z].*/ Matches if the first character of the line is a-z and there is at least one more of any character following it

/2134$/ Matches if line ends with 2134

/$21|35$/ Matches is the line contains 21 or 35
Note the use of ( ) with the pipe symbol to specify the ‘or’ condition

/[0-9]*/ Matches if there are zero or more numbers in the line

/^[^#]/ Matches if the first character is not a # in the line

Notes:
1. Regular expressions are case sensitive
2. Regular expressions are to be used where pattern is specified

Counts

Nearly every command may be preceded by a number that specifies how many times it is to be performed. For example, 5dw will delete 5 words and 3fe will move the cursor forward to the 3rd occurrence of the letter e. Even insertions may be repeated conveniently with this method, say to insert the same line 100 times.

Ranges

Ranges may precede most “colon” commands and cause them to be executed on a line or lines. For example :3,7d would delete lines 3-7. Ranges are commonly combined with the :s command to perform a replacement on several lines, as with :.,$s/pattern/string/g to make a replacement from the current line to the end of the file.

:n,m Range – Lines n-m

:. Range – Current line

:$ Range – Last line

:’c Range – Marker c

:% Range – All lines in file

:g/pattern/ Range – All lines that contain pattern

Shell Functions

:! Cmd Executes shell command cmd; you can add these special characters to indicate:% name of current file# name of last file edited

!! cmd Executes shell command cmd, places output in file starting at current line

:!! Executes last shell command

:r! cmd Reads and inserts output from cmd

:f Displays the name of the current file

:f file Renames current file to file

:w !cmd Sends currently edited file to cmd as standard input and execute cmd

:cd dir Changes current working directory to dir

:sh Starts a sub-shell (CTRL-d returns to editor)

:so file Reads and executes commands in file (file is a shell script)

!Motion_cmd Sends text from current position to Motion Command cmd

!}sort Sorts from current position to end of paragraph and replaces text with sorted text

Files

:w file Write to file

:r file Read file in after line

:n Go to next file

:p Go to previous file

:e file Edit file

!!program Replace line with output from program

VI Settings

Note: Options given are default. To change them, enter type :set option to turn them on or :set nooptioni to turn them off. To make them execute every time you open VI, create a file in your HOME directory called .exrc and type the options without the colon (:) preceding the option

:set ai Turns on auto indentation

:set all Prints all options to the screen

:set ap Prints line after d c J m :s t u commands

:set bf Discards control characters from input

:set dir=tmp Sets tmp to directory or buffer file

:set eb Precedes error messages with a bell

:set ic Ignores case when searching

:set lisp Modifies brackets for Lisp compatibility.

:set list Shows tabs (^l) and end of line ($)

:set magic Allows pattern matching with special characters

:set mesg Allows others to send messages

:set nooption Turns off option

:set nu Shows line numbers

:set opt Speeds output; eliminates automatic RETURN

:set prompt Prompts for command input with :

:set re Simulates smart terminal on dumb terminal

:set report Indicates largest size of changes reported on status line

:set ro Changes file type to “read only”

:set scroll=n set n lines for CTRL-d and z

:set sh=shell_path set shell escape (default is /bin/sh) to shell_path

:set showmode Indicates input or replace mode at bottom

:set sw=n Sets shift width to n characters

:set term Prints terminal type

:set terse Shorten messages with terse

:set timeout Eliminates one-second time limit for macros

:set tl=n Sets significance of tags beyond n characters (0 means all)

:set ts=n Sets tab stops to n for text input

:set wa Inhibits normal checks before write commands

:set warn Warns “no write since last change”

:set window=n Sets number of lines in a text window to n

:set wm=n Sets automatic wraparound n spaces from right margin.

Key Mapping

NOTE: Map allows you to define strings of VI commands. If you create a file called “.exrc” in your home directory, any map or set command you place inside this file will be executed every time you run VI. To imbed control characters like ESC in the macro, you need to precede them with CTRL-v. If you need to include quotes (“), precede them with a \ (backslash). Unused keys in vi are: K V g q v * = and the function keys.
Example (The actual VI commands are in blue):map v /I CTRL-v ESC dwiYou CTRL-v ESC ESC
Description: When v is pressed, search for “I” (/I ESC), delete word (dw), and insert “You” (iYou ESC). CTRL-v allows ESC to be inserted

:map key cmd_seq Defines key to run cmd_seq when pressed

:map Displays all created macros on status line

:unmap key Removes macro definition for key

:ab str string When str is input, replaces it with string

:ab Displays all abbreviations

:una str Unabbreviate str

Other

~ Toggle upper and lower case for the character at the current position

J Joins the line immediately below the current line with the current line

nJ Joins the next n lines together; omitting n joins the beginning of the next line to the end of the current line

. Repeat last text-changing command

U Undo the effect of last command (Note: u in combination with . can allow multiple levels of undo in some versions)

U Undo all changes to the current line

; Repeats last f F t or T search command

Unix/Linux commands Quick reference

admin — Wed, 24 Jun 2009 06:13:44 +0000

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Quick Reference: Unix Commands and options

The following format is used for commands:
Italic indicates a variable that you supply
Bold indicates exactly what you type
[ ] Square brackets indicate that the thing which they surround is optionally typed. The square brackets themselves are not to be typed.

To display a command description from the Unix Manual and can be used to get more information on each command. Type following on shell prompt to see the manual:
man command
Example: man ls to find more about the command ls

If you are not sure of the exact command name, you can use man with the -k option to help you find the command you need. To see one line summaries of each reference page that contains the keyword you specify, enter: man -k keyword

Command
Action

Example

Creates a temporary name (alias) for a Unix command. When you type alias-name, string is substituted and run in its place. Typically, you put alias commands in your .cshrc file. Aliases can be self-referential without causing infinite recursion, e.g.:
alias rm ’rm -i’ alias alias_name string

To remove an alias unalias name

ansiprint Prints a file to a printer connected to your computer. ansiprint file

apropos Find a list of manual pages about a keyword. apropos keyword

Ar Create and maintain library archives

archie search the Archie database for a file on a FTP site archie file

asa Text Processing: Interpret carriage-control characters

assets Displays your account resources, use, and threshold.

At Process Management: Execute commands at a later time

awk Text Processing: Pattern scanning and processing language. awk is most commonly used to extract numbered fields from lines of text. For example, the following command prints the third word on each line: awk also supports more complicated scripting – see the manual page. awk '{print $5}' [file]

basename File system: Return non-directory portion of a pathname

batch Process Management: Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue

Bc A simple calculator; Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language. Uses integer arithmetic by default. For floating-point arithmetic, type “bc -l”.

Process Management: Places or runs job in the background.

break Shell programming: Exit from for, while, or until loop

cal Display a calendar of the current month.

Display a calendar of the given month and year. Note that the year must be fully qualified, for example, “2003″ and not “03.” cal month year

File system: Concatenate and displays specified files cat file

Overwrites the file2 with the content of file1 cat file1>file2

Append file1 to the end of file2 cat file1>>file2

Creates a file, typing some text, and finishing by pressing ctrl-d at the start of a line. cat > file1

Cc Compile a C program

Cd File system: Changes current directory to a different directory. cd directory

To change back to your home directory: cd

Directory abbreviations:

~ Home directory

.. Parent directory

. Current working directory

cflow C Programming : Generate a C-language flowgraph

chfn change your “Real Name” as seen on finger

chgrp File system: Change the file group ownership. Makes file belong to the group user. NOTE: You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root chgrp user file

chmod File system: Change the file modes/attributes/permissions NOTE: You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root chmod code file
chmod code directory

To keep a file private chmod 600 file

To give everyone read permission: chmod 664 file

chown File system: Change the file ownership NOTE: You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root chown new_own file

Makes cliff(new_own) the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree. NOTE: You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root chown -R cliff dir

chsh change the shell you log into

cksum File system: Write file checksums and sizes

clear Clears terminal screen clear

cmp File system: Compare two files

comm Text Processing: Select or reject lines common to two files

command Shell programming: Execute a simple command command

Shell programming: Executes command1 in background Command1&

compress File system: Reduces the size of a file and adds .Z to the file’s name. compress file

To restore a compressed file: uncompress file.Z

continue Shell programming: Continue for, while, or until loop

Cp File system: Makes a copy of a file. cp file1 file2

To copy a file into a different directory: cp file directory

To inquire before overwriting an existing file: cp -i file1 file2

To copy a directory and, recursively, its subdirectories cp -r dir1 dir2

To retain timestamp while copying cp -p

crontab Schedule periodic background work

csplit Text Processing: Split files based on context

ctags C Programming: Create a tags file

cut Shell programming: Cut out selected fields of each line of a file

cxref C Programming: Generate a C-language program cross-reference table

date Display the current local date and time. date

Dd File system: Convert and copy a file

delta Make a delta (change) to an SCCS file

Df File system: Report free disk space available on the system

print list of disks and current capacity (in kilobytes) df -k

Text Processing: Compares two files and displays the differences. Here, shows differences between file1 and file2 diff file1 file2

dirname File system: Return the directory portion of a pathname

dos2unix strips CR’s out of dos text files dos2unix

dot Shell programming: Execute commands in the current environment

Du File system: Estimate file space usage du

Print size (in kilobytes) of current directory (“.”). Variations:
du -sk * prints sizes (in kilobytes) of all files and sub-directories
du -sk file prints size (in kilobytes) of file

du -sk dir prints sum of size (in kilobytes) of dir and its contents
du -sk

dvips Print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. dvips filename

echo Shell programming: Displays a line of text or

Write arguments to standard output. Note that the shell will expand variables in the line, e.g. “ echo $user ” will print the contents of the variable user. Use single quotes (e.g. “ echo '$user' “) if you want to prevent this.
echo text

Example: This command find out what shell you are using by the command echo $SHELL

Ed Text Processing: The standard text editor

elm Another email program

emacs Text editor: Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs. It’s Extremely versatile. In emacs, press ctrl-h, t for a tutorial. emacs filename

env Set the environment for command invocation

eval Shell programming: Construct command by concatenating arguments

Ex Text Processing: Text editor

exec Shell programming: Execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors

exit Shell programming: Exits from the current shell. Similar to logout, but can also be used in shell scripts.

expand Text Processing: Convert tabs to spaces

export Set the export attribute for variables

expr Shell programming: Evaluate arguments as an expression. Give it expressions on the command line. Make sure to put spaces around the numbers, e.g.
expr ’2 + 2′ expr ‘expression‘

false Shell programming: Return false value

Fc Process the command history list

Ff Find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you’ve forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don’t even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.

Process Management: Restarts a suspended job in the foreground.

File File system: Determine file type file files

find File system: Find the loation of file.1 in the directory and sub-directories. Variations:
find . -name “*pattern” -print finds all files that end with pattern.
find . -name file.1 -exec rm ‘{}’ ‘;’ removes all files named file.1. find . -name file.1 -print

finger Displays user information at the specified computer. finger userid@computer

To change your finger entry information: chfn

fold Text Processing: Filter for folding lines

fort77 C Programming: FORTRAN compiler

ftp Starts the file transfer program with a remote computer insecurely. This method does not use encryption, so there is a risk of your password and other data being spied on. It should be avoided wherever scp is available. ftp host_address

fuser Process Management: List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open

gcc Compiles C source into a file named ‘a.out’. It compiles a C program with the GNU C-compiler gcc file.c

gencat Generate a formatted message catalog

genscript Converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop ‘genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr’ to print two pages on one piece of paper.

getconf Get configuration values

getopts Shell programming: Parse utility options

gopher A Gopher database browser

Finds lines in a file matching a character pattern. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you. grep -icvn pattern file

-i Ignores case

-c Lists count of lines that contain pattern

-v Lists all lines except those with pattern

-n Lists line number for each found pattern

gzip Compress the specified files. This turns filename into filename.gz, which is smaller.
Text files compress very well, but with binary data files you might not save much disk space gzip file...

Uncompress the specified files.The opposite of the gzip command. gunzip file...

To look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr gzcat filename

hash Remember or report utility locations

Text Processing: Displays the first ten lines of a file. head file

To display the first n number of lines head -n file

help Displays an online help note. help note

To display a list of help notes: help -l

history Displays a list of your most recent commands. history

To repeat the nth command from the list. (for example, type “!m” to repeat the last command that began with “m”) ! n

To repeat your most recent command !!

hostname Show the name of the machine

iconv Text Processing: Codeset conversion

Id Return user identity

ipcrm Remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment identifier

ipcs Report interprocess communication facilities status

Irc connect to Internet Relay Chat

Process Management: Displays active jobs and their corresponding job numbers jobs

To start a job in the background: job &

To return a job to the foreground by the job number fg %number

To send a running job to the background: z bg

join Text Processing: Relational database operator

Process Management: Terminates a process by its process identification number. kill pid

Remove suspended process #1 kill %1

To use the strongest form of the kill command: kill -9 pid

less Shows file a page at a time. Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems less filename

Lex C Programming: Generate programs for lexical tasks

link File system: Call link function

Ln File system: Link files

Make symbolic links; make a link file2, which points to file1 ln -s file1 file2

locale Get locale-specific information

localedef Define locale environment

logger Shell programming: Log messages

login Logs in the system or starts a computer session

logname Return the user’s login name

Ends your computer session; logs off the system

Lpr Text Processing: Show list of available printers and questions to direct your printing of a file to a particular printer lpr

If you put several filenames after lpr, this will typically send several files in a single print job. The -Pprinter option sends the job to the specified printer. If you do not specify a -Pprinter option, then lpr will use the contents of the PRINTER environment variable. You may wish to setup a default printer by putting a line like the following into your .login file: setenv PRINTER mylocalprinter lpr files

lpr -Pprinter files

lprm Remove print job from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn’t necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department. lprm -Pprinter job_numbers

Lpq Show the queue of jobs for a given printer or default printer in case -Pprinter is not specified. e.g. to get the job number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out lpq -Pprinter

ls File system: Lists the files and subdirectories in your current directory. ls -Fltra

-l Lists long format

-t Lists by modification time

-r Lists in reverse order

-F Lists file type with special character

-a Lists all files including dot (.) files

lynx Starts a text-only web browser session at UW home page. It’s a textual World Wide Web browser lynx

Starts a Web browser session at a specific Web address. lynx url

mailx Process messages

make Maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs; compiles source code

Displays Unix Manual entry for a command. man command

To search Manual Index for a keyword or topic: man -k keyword

Mc “midnight commander” – Interactive file explorer. Provides an alternative to many typed commands. NB not installed on many systems

mesg Displays your talk and write message access status. mesg

To set your message status to yes or no: mesg y (or n)

mkdir File system: Creates a new directory within your current directory. mkdir directory

mkfifo File system: Make FIFO special file

more Text Processing: Displays a file one screen at a time. views a file, pausing every screenful. If no files are specified on the command line, then more displays standard input. For example, if you want to list a lot of files a screen at a time, type: ls | more
Press space to go forward one screen, enter to go forward one line. more file

Use to scroll forward and q to quit.

Mv File system: Moves a file to a different directory. mv file directory

mv files directory

Moves a directory to a second directory. mv directory1 directory2

To rename file1 as file2: mv file1 file2

To rename directory1 as directory2: mv directory1 directory2

To inquire before overwriting an existing file: mv -i file1 file2

netscape Graphical web browser and Email Program: Mainly used for web browsing, it can also be used for sending and receiving email

newgrp Change to a new group

nice Process Management: Invoke a utility with an altered nice value to change priority of job

Nl Text Processing: Line numbering filter

Nm C Programming: Write the name list of an object file

nohup Process Management: Invoke a utility immune to hang-ups; it continue a job even after logout

Od Dump files in various formats

osview display the operating system statistics osview

paste Text Processing: Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files

Starts program to change account password. You’ll have to type your old password before you type a new one.
You won’t see the password when you type it, but you type it twice to make sure. Choose a password which can’t be easily guessed, and keep it secret.

patch Text Processing: Apply changes to files

pathchk File system: Check pathnames

pico Easy-to-use text editor: Starts the Pico text editor with a file,but not very powerful! The same as you get with the pine mailer. pico file

pine It’s an easy to use mail program. Starts the Pine® electronic mail program.

Pr Text Processing: Print files

printenv Show content of an environment variable. If variable is not typed, printenv will list all the environment variables. printenv [variable]

printf Shell programming: Write formatted output

Prs Print an SCCS file

Ps Process Management: Displays processes and their corresponding process identification numbers.

Display expanded list of all processes and typically show everybody’s processes. ps -ef

pushd Add entry to directory stack Use this to go temporarily to another directory. pushd directory

Type popd when you want to go back to the directory you were in when you typed pushd; means to remove entry from directory stack popd

pwd File system: Displays absolute pathname of current directory. i.e. show the directory that you are in (present working directory)

qalter Batch Utilities: Alter batch job

qdel Batch Utilities: Delete batch jobs

qhold Batch Utilities: Hold batch jobs

qmove Batch Utilities: Move batch jobs

qmsg Batch Utilities: Send message to batch jobs

qrerun Batch Utilities: Rerun batch jobs

qrls Batch Utilities: Release batch jobs

qselect Batch Utilities: Select batch jobs

qsig Batch Utilities: Signal batch jobs

qstat Batch Utilities: Show status of batch jobs

qsub Batch Utilities: Submit a script

quota Finding out your available disk space quota. Show how your disk usage compares with your permitted maximum. Your disk usage may exceed your “quota” for a short “grace period” (typically a week), but it may never exceed your “limit”. If the grace period runs out, you will have to delete files before you can create any more.
You may have to type “quota -v” to get full information. quota -v

Rcp Copy files between machines (insecurely). Usage is analogous to scp.

This method does not use encryption, so there is a risk of your password and other data being spied on. It should be avoided wherever scp is available
rcp [username@]machine:file file

read Shell programming: Read a line from standard input

readonly Set the readonly attribute for variables

renice Process Management: Set nice values of running processes. Your command will have less impact on other users. number typically ranges from 0 to 19. process can either be a “PID” number as reported by ps or top, or “%jobnumber” as reported by jobs. renice number process

return Shell programming: Return from a function

File system: Permanently deletes a file. rm file

To verify prior to removal rm -I file

To remove directory, subdirectories with files recursively rm -r directory

To forcibly remove directory content recursively without having write permission on it rm -rf directory

rmdir File system: Deletes an empty directory. rmdir directory

To verify prior to removal rmdir -i directory

Rz Recieve a file (to the unix system) using zmodem

scp Copy files between machines (securely) The syntax would copy a file from a remote machine to the local machine. To do the converse, use: scp file [username@]machine:file
Omit the “username@” bit if your username on the other machine is the same as on the local machine. scp [username@]machine:file file

sed Text Processing: Stream editor. It is most commonly used to perform search-and-replace operations on text. The following command globally replaces pattern with replacement. It also supports more complicated scripting – see the manual page sed 's/pattern/replacement/g' [file]

set Set or unset options and positional parameters. The value of shell variables can be accessed as “$variable”. Shell variables are seen only by the shell, and are not passed to commands. set variable=value

setenv List environmental variables. setenv

Set an environment variable

The value of environment variables can be accessed as “$variable“. Block capitals are conventionally used for names of environment variables. Environment variables are passed from the shell to commands, and may affect the behavior of commands (e.g. $PRINTER affects lpr).
setenv variable value

sftp Secure file transfer protocol

Sh Shell programming: Shell, the standard command language interpreter

shift Shell programming: Shift positional parameters

sleep Shell programming: Suspend execution for an interval

sort Text Processing: Sort, merge, or sequence check text files. Order the lines in a file or files alphabetically (this command does not alter the file or files — it merely displays the sorted output to the screen) sort files

Displays contents of files sorted alphabetically in reverse order. sort -r files

Displays contents of files sorted numerically (puts 2 before 10 instead of after). sort -n files

Checks the spelling in a file. spell file

split Split files into pieces

ssh Connect to another machine ssh hostname

staffdir Displays the Online UW Staff Directory. staffdir “lastname, firstname“

To display all fields: staffdir -full “lastname, firstname“

strings C Programming: Find printable strings in files

strip C Programming: Remove unnecessary information from executable files

stty Set the options for a terminal

Sz Send a file (to you) using zmodem

tabs Set terminal tabs

tail Text Processing: Copy the last ten lines of a file tail file

Text Processing: To display the last n number of lines tail -n file

Text Processing: It skips initial n number of lines and displays rest Tail +n file

talk Initiate a conversation with another user (end conversation with Control-C); talk works only between machines of the same architecture. This feature disabled on many systems. talk user[@machine]

Tar The tar command stands for “tape archive”. It is the “standard” way to read and write archives (collections of files and whole directory trees. It combines multiple files into one or vice-versa; store an image of dir.1 and it’s contents in file file.1 tar -cvf dir.1.tar dir.1

Extracts (x) files from the default tape drive while listing (v = verbose) the file names to the screen tar -xv dir.1.tar

tee Shell programming: Duplicate standard input

telnet Starts a telnet session with a remote computer. telnet host_address

test Shell programming: Evaluate expression

time Process Management: Time a simple command

times Process Management: Write process times

Tin, trn Read Usenet newsgroups

top Display the current, most computer-intensive commands. Press “q” to quit from the display top

touch File system: Change file access and modification times

tput Change terminal characteristics

Tr Text Processing: Translate characters

trap Process Management: Trap signals

tree Draw a tree-like recursive directory listing. Not installed on many systems

true Shell programming: Return true value

tsort Text Processing: Topological sort

Tty Return user’s terminal name

type Displays how a name would be interpreted if used as a command

ulimit Set or report file size limit

umask Get or set the file mode creation mask means change permissions on new files

unalias Remove alias definitions

uname Return system name

uncompress Expand compressed data

unexpand Text Processing: Convert spaces to tabs

unget Undo a previous get of an SCCS file

uniq Text Processing: Report or filter out repeated lines in a file

unix2dos adds CR’s to unix text files unix2dos

unlink File system: Call the unlink function

unset Unset values and attributes of variables and functions

uucp System-to-system copy

uudecode Decode a binary file

uuencode Encode a binary file

uustat uucp status inquiry and job control

uux Process Management: Remote command execution

val Validate SCCS files

Text Processing: Starts the vi text editor with a file. vi file

Displays a list of who is on system and what they are doing. Especially useful: the ‘idle’ part. This allows you to see whether they’re actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.

wait Process Management: Await process completion

Wc Text Processing: counts lines, words, and characters in file file. Variations:
wc -l counts lines in file file
wc -w counts words in file file
wc -c counts characters in file file wc -lwc file

what Identify SCCS files

where Find out the places where a command program is installed on the system. This uses your search path ($PATH) to know where to look. If the program is installed in more than one place, the first one listed is the one which is run when you type the command. where command

which List location of executable command. It’s same as where command, but only lists the first occurrence of the command. which command

who Display a list of users currently logged into system who

Display list current user in that window whoami or who am i

write Write to another user’s terminal, (user) is a email address; to end write user

xargs Shell programming: Construct argument lists and invoke utility

xcal Graphical calculator application. Fairly intuitive to use. Type sums, or press the calculator buttons with the mouse

xemacs

Alternative version of emacs. The “normal” emacs is the GNU version. This is a slightly different version which you may or may not prefer.

xhost Permit another machine to open windows on the display. This command is insecure, because it makes no distinction between users on the remote machine. It should not be used when ssh is in use. xhost machine

xman Graphical interface to manual pages

yacc C Programming: Yet another compiler compiler

zcat Text Processing: Expand and concatenate data zcat file

Zip zip the file

Unix commands Quick reference

admin — Wed, 24 Jun 2009 06:07:48 +0000

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Special commands and characters:

Converting DOS commands to UNIX commands

There are a few command line questions that are asked very often. These questions, with answers that should be typed at your shell prompt are printed below:

DOS                 UNIX dir ............... ls cls ............... clear del ............... rm copy .............. cp move / rename ..... mv type .............. cat cd ................ cd more < file ....... more file md ................ mkdir rd ................ rmdir win ............... startx (Note: Unlike DOS, commands and their arguments MUST be separated by a space. For example, "cd/" doesn't work, but "cd /" does.)

Redirection

< Routes input to command from file

> Routes output from command to file

>> Appends output to existing file

| Routes output between commands

Pipes and redirection

command < file

Use the contents of file as the input for command

command > file

Send the output of command to file

command >> file

Append the output of command to the end of file

command1 | command2

Use the output of command1 as the input of command2 This is the Unix “pipe”. The “|” is called the “pipe” symbol.

Wildcards used in filenames

* Matches any number of characters

? Matches one character

Control codes

s Suspends the screen display

q Restarts suspended display

d Signals end of file

c Cancels a command

z Suspends a process or job:
use fg to restart

u Clears the command line

!string Repeat last shell command that began with string (for example, type “!m” to repeat the last command that began with “m”)

Daemon Process

In Unix and other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually initiated as background processes. Typically daemons have names that end with the letter “d”: for example, syslogd, the daemon that handles the system log, or sshd, which handles incoming SSH connections.

In a Unix environment, the parent process of a daemon is often (but not always) the init process (PID=1). Processes usually become daemons by forking a child process and then having their parent process immediately exit, thus causing init to adopt the child process. This is a somewhat simplified view of the process as other operations are generally performed, such as disassociating the daemon process from any controlling tty. Convenience routines such as daemon(3) exist in some UNIX systems for that purpose.

Systems often start (or “launch”) daemons at boot time: they often serve the function of responding to network requests, hardware activity, or other programs by performing some task. Daemons can also configure hardware (like devfsd on some Linux systems), run scheduled tasks (like cron), and perform a variety of other tasks.

Types of daemons

In a strictly technical sense, a Unix-like system process is a daemon when its parent process terminates and is therefore ‘adopted’ by the init process (process number 1) as its parent process and has no controlling terminal. However, more commonly, a daemon may be any background process, whether a child of init or not.

The common method for a process to become a daemon involves:

Disassociating from the controlling tty

Becoming a session leader

Becoming a process group leader

Staying in the background by forking and exiting (once or twice). This is required sometimes for the process to become a session leader. It also allows the parent process to continue its normal execution. This idiom is sometimes summarized with the phrase “fork off and die”

Setting the root directory (“/”) as the current working directory so that the process will not keep any directory in use that may be on a mounted file system (allowing it to be unmounted).

Changing the umask to 0 to allow open(), creat(), et al. calls to provide their own permission masks and not to depend on the umask of the caller

Closing all inherited open files at the time of execution that are left open by the parent process, including file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 (stdin, stdout, stderr). Required files will be opened later.

Using a logfile, the console, or /dev/null as stdin, stdout, and stderr

This is a list of Unix daemons that are found on various flavors of Unix. Unix daemons will typically consist of an abbreviation ending with a d. The current state of these processes can be listed with the full-output option of the process status (ps) command.

Process

Description

init
The Unix program which spawns all other processes.

biod
Works in cooperation with the remote nfsd to handle client NFS requests.

dhcpd
Dynamically configure TCP/IP information for clients.

fingerd
Provides a network interface for the finger protocol, as used by the finger command.

ftpd
Services FTP requests from a remote system. It listens at the port specified in the services file for ftp.

httpd
Web serve daemon.

inetd
Listens for network connection requests. If a request is accepted, it can launch a background daemon to handle the request. Some systems use the replacement command xinetd.

lpd
The line printer daemon that manages printer spooling.

nfsd
Processes NFS operation requests from client systems. Historically each nfsd daemon handled one request at a time, so it was normal to start multiple copies.

ntpd
Network Time Protocol daemon that manages clock synchronization across the network. xntpd implements the version 3 standard of NTP.

rpcbind
Handles conversion of remote procedure calls (RPC), such as from ypbind.

sshd
Listens for secure shell requests from clients.

sendmail
SMTP daemon.

swapper
Copies process regions to swap space in order to reclaim physical pages of memory for the kernel. Also called sched.

syslogd
System logger process that collects various system messages.

syncd
Periodically keeps the file systems synchronized with system memory.

xfsd
Serve X11 fonts to remote clients.

vhand
Releases pages of memory for use by other processes. Also known as the “page stealing daemon”

ypbind
Find the server for an NIS domain and store the information in a file.

System Security

The following mechanism is the ONLY guaranteed method of protecting your work.

Each file and directory is owned by a user, and each user belongs to a group. By default, users own their home directory (the current directory when the user logs in) and the contents of the home directory. Most other files and directories are owned by “root” and other special users. The user assigns a type of privilege to each file and directory owned by the user. By default, the privilege is rwxr-xr-x.

The first three characters of rwxr-xr-x indicate that the owner can read, write, and execute the file (or directory). The middle three characters indicate that all other users in the same group as the owner can read and execute the file (or directory), but cannot write onto the file (or directory), as indicated by the middle “-” character. The last three characters indicate that everyone else on the system can read and execute the file (or directory), but cannot write onto the file (or directory), as indicated by the last “-” character.

To change the owner’s permissions of a file (or directory), the owner can type:

chown u+r file.1   chown u+w file.1   chown u+x file.1

chown u-r file.1   chown u-w file.1   chown u-x file.1

To change the group’s permissions of a file (or directory), the owner can type:

chown g+r file.1   chown g+w file.1   chown g+x file.1

chown g-r file.1   chown g-w file.1   chown g-x file.1

To change the permissions of a file (or directory) for everyone else, the owner can type:

chown o+r file.1   chown o+w file.1   chown o+x file.1

chown o-r file.1   chown o-w file.1   chown o-x file.1

Typing Shortcuts

file* specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “file” and have 0 or more extra characters. *file* specifies all files and sub-directories that contain the string “file” anywhere in their name. fi*le specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “fi” and end with “le”, with 0 or more extra characters.

file? specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “file” and have one extra character.

The current directory can be specified as “.”, and the parent directory of the current directory can be specified as “..”. For example, if the current directory is /usr/people/mpagel, I can copy the file /usr/people/huffman/Crambin.pdb to /usr/people/mpagel/pdb/ by typing:

     cp ../huffman/Crambin.pdb ./pdb/

Text on the screen can be highlighted by sweeping the mouse cursor over the text while pressing and holding the left mouse button. This text can be inserted at the command line by clicking the center mouse button, regardless of the mouse cursor position (as long as the mouse cursor remains in the window).

If you type the first part of the name of a file or sub-directory in the current directory and then hit the escape key, the workstation will complete the name for you. For example, if the current directory contains the files template.001 and temporary.stuff, then I can type:
more templ
and the workstation will complete the name template.001. Note that if I type:
more temp
then the workstation will NOT complete the file name, since I have not specified enough characters to unambiguously specify template.001 instead of temporary.stuff.

history Shows list of last 100 commands

!! Repeats last command

!32 Repeats command #32 in the history list

!mor Repeats last command starting with “mor”

•·         If I type mv file.1 dir.1 to move file.1 to dir.1, then I can move file.2 to dir.1 by typing ^1^2, which does the following command: mv file.2 dir.1. Note that the only the first “1″ (in file.1) changes, and the “1″ in dir.1 does NOT change.

•·         Many commands have ‘modifiers’. For example, ls -l has a modifier “-l” which specifies that the LONG listing of the directory contents should be printed. Many modifiers can be combined in any order in one command. For example ls -la specifies the LONG listing of ALL directory contents.

•·         The “|” character is called the PIPE character. This character is located on the key just above the key on the SGI keyboard (you must also hold down the key). The pipe character is used to direct the output of one command into the input of a second command. For example,

ps -ef | grep biosym
first creates a list of processes (ps -ef) and then filters this list to show all lines that contain “biosym” (grep biosym).

Installing RedHat Linux

admin — Mon, 27 Apr 2009 07:00:38 +0000

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Starting VI
vi filename	Edits filename starting at line1
vi -r filename	Recover `filename` that was being edited when system crashed
vi + n filename	Edits filename and places cursor at line n
vi + filename	Edits filename and places cursor on last line
vi +/string filename	Edits filename and places cursor on first occurrence of string
vi filename file2 …	Edits filename, then edits file2 … After the save, use :n
Ending VI
ZZ or :wq or : x	Saves and exits VI
:w	Saves current file but doesn’t exit
:w!	Saves current file overriding normal checks but doesn’t exit
:w file	Saves current as file but doesn’t exit
:w! file	Saves to file overriding normal checks but doesn’t exit
:n,mw file	Saves lines n through m to file
:n,mw >>file	Saves lines n through m to the end of file
:q	Quits VI and may prompt if you need to save
:q!	Quits VI and without saving
:e!	Edits file discarding any unsaved changes (revert to previous saved version)
:e file	Edits file (current file becomes alternate file)
:e#	Edit alternate file
:we!	Saves and continues to edit current file
%	Display current filename
#	Display alternate filename
:n	Edit next file
:n!	Edit next file (ignoring warnings)
:n files	Specify new list of files
:r file	Insert(read) file after cursor
:r !command	Run command, and insert output after current line

:.=	Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
:=	Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
^g	Provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines, in the file at the bottom of the screen

Inserting and appending text
I	Inserts text at the beginning of the current line
i	Inserts text at the cursor
A	Appends text at the end of current line
a	Appends text after the cursor
Adding new line
O	Open a new line above the current line
o	Open a new line below the current line
Replacing a character & word
R	Replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until hit
r	Replace single character under cursor (no needed)
cw	Replaces the word from cursor to the end indicated by $ sign
C	Replaces till end of line
:r file	Reads file and inserts it after current line
:nr file	Reads file and inserts it after line n

Things to do while in Insert Mode:
CTRL-h or Backspace	While inserting, deletes previous character
CTRL-w	While inserting, deletes previous word
CTRL-x	While inserting, deletes to start of inserted text
CTRL-i or TAB	While inserting, inserts one shift width(tab)
CTRL-v char	While inserting, ignores special meaning of char (e.g., for inserting characters like ESC and CTRL) until ESC is used
CTRL-v	Take the next character literally. (i.e. To insert a Control-H, type Control-v Control-h)

h or or [left-arrow]	Moves the cursor to the left
j or or [down-arrow]	Moves down the cursor
k or [up-arrow]	Moves up the cursor
l or or [right-arrow]	Moves the cursor to the right
Arrow Keys	These do work, but they may be too slow on big files. Also may have unpredictable results when arrow keys are not mapped correctly in client.
w	Moves cursor to the beginning of the next word
W	Moves the cursor to next blank delimited word
b	Moves the cursor back to beginning of the preceding word
B	Moves the cursor to the beginning of blank delimited word
^	Moves the cursor to the first non-blank character in the current line
+ or Enter	Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line
-	Moves the cursor to the first non-blank character of the previous line
e	Moves cursor to the end of the current word
E	Moves cursor to the end of Blank delimited word
(	Moves cursor a sentence back
)	Moves cursor a sentence forward
{	Moves cursor a paragraph back
}	Moves cursor a paragraph forward
[[	Moves cursor a section back
]]	Moves cursor a section forward
0 or \|	Moves cursor to the start of the current line
N\|	Moves cursor to the column n in the current line
$	Moves cursor to the end of the current line
1G or :0	Moves cursor to the start of the first line in the file
G or :$	Moves cursor to the start of the last line in the file
nG or :n	Moves cursor to the start of the nth line in the file
F	Moves cursor forward to c
Fc	Moves cursor back to c
H	Moves cursor to the first line on the screen, or “home”
nH	Moves cursor to nth line from the top of the screen
M	Move cursor to the middle line on the screen
L	Move cursor to the last line on the screen
nL	Moves cursor to nth line from the bottom of the screen
CTRL-d	Moves down ½ screen
CTRL-f	Moves forward one full screen
CTRL-u	Moves up ½ screen
CTRL-b	Moves backward one full screen
CTRL-e	Moves screen up one line
CTRL-y	Moves screen down one line
CTRL-l	Clears and redraws the current screen
CTRL-r	Redraws the screen, removing deleted lines
CTRL-T	Moves cursor to next tab position
CTRL-W	Moves back one word
Z	z-carriage return makes the current line the top line on the page
Nz	Makes the line n the top line on the page
z.	Makes the current line the middle line on the page
Nz.	Makes the line n the middle line on the page
z-	Makes the current line the bottom line on the page
Nz-	Makes the line n the bottom line on the page
%	Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]

x	Delete character to the right of cursor
nx	Deletes n characters starting with current; omitting n deletes current character only
X	Delete character to the left of cursor
nX	Deletes previous n characters; omitting n deletes previous character only
D	Delete to the end of the line
D$	Deletes from the cursor to the end of the line
dd or :d or CTRL-U	Delete current line
ndw	Deletes the next n words starting with current
ndb	Deletes the previous n words starting with current
ndd	Deletes n lines beginning with the current line
:n,md	Deletes lines n through m
dMotion_cmd	Deletes everything included in the Motion Command (e.g., dG would delete from current position to the end of the file, and d4 would delete to the end of the fourth sentence).
“np	Retrieves the last nth delete (last 9 deletes are kept in a buffer)
“1pu.u.	Scrolls through the delete buffer until the desired delete is retrieved (repeat u.)

yy	Yank the current line
:y	Yank the current line
nyy or nY	Places n lines in the buffer-copies
yMotion_cmd	Copies everything from the curser to the Motion Command (e.g., yG would copy from current position to the end of the file, and y4 would copy to the end of the fourth sentence)
“(a-z)nyy or “(a-z)ndd	Copies or cuts (deletes) n lines into a named buffer a through z; omitting n works on current line

C	Change to the end of the line
cc or S	Change the whole line until ESC is pressed
xp	Switches character at cursor with following character
stext	Substitutes text for the current character until ESC is used
cwtext	Changes current word to text until ESC is used
Ctext	Changes rest of the current line to text until ESC is used
cMotion_cmd	Changes to text from current position to Motion Command until ESC is used
<< or >>	Shifts the line left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)
N<< or n>>	Shifts n lines left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)
<Motion_cmd or >Motion_cmd	Use with Motion Command to shift multiple lines left or right

p	Put after the position or after the line
P	Put before the position or before the line
“(a-z)p or “(a-z)P	Pastes text from a named buffer a through z after or before the current line

mc	Set marker c on this line
‘c	Go to beginning of marker c line.
‘c	Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.

/string	Search forward for string
?string	Search back for string
n	Search for next instance of string
N	Search for previous instance of string
%	Searches to beginning of balancing ( ) [ ] or { }
fc	Searches forward in current line to char
Fc	Searches backward in current line to char
tc	Searches forward in current line to character before char
Tchar	Searches backward in current line to character before char
?str	Finds in reverse for str
:set ic	Ignores case when searching
:set noic	Pays attention to case when searching
:n,ms/str1/str2/opt	Searches from n to m for str1; replaces str1 to str2; using opt-opt can be g for global change, c to confirm change (y to acknowledge, to suppress), and p to print changed lines
&	Repeats last :s command
:g/str/cmd	Runs cmd on all lines that contain str
:g/str1/s/str2/str3/	Finds the line containing str1, replaces str2 with str3
:v/str/cmd	Executes cmd on all lines that do not match str
,	Repeats, in reverse direction, last / or ? search command

:s/pattern/string/flags	Replace pattern with string according to flags.
G	Flag – Replace all occurrences of pattern
C	Flag – Confirm replaces.
&	Repeat last :s command

. (dot)	Any single character except newline
*	zero or more occurrences of any character
[...]	Any single character specified in the set
[^...]	Any single character not specified in the set
\<	Matches beginning of word
\>	Matches end of word
^	Anchor – beginning of the line
$	Anchor – end of line
\<	Anchor – beginning of word
\>	Anchor – end of word
\(…\)	Grouping – usually used to group conditions
\n	Contents of nth grouping
\	Escapes the meaning of the next character (e.g., \$ allows you to search for $)
\\	Escapes the \ character

[...] – Set Examples
[A-Z]	The SET from Capital A to Capital Z
[a-z]	The SET from lowercase a to lowercase z
[0-9]	The SET from 0 to 9 (All numerals)
[./=+]	The SET containing. (dot), / (slash), =, and +
[-A-F]	The SET from Capital A to Capital F and the dash (dashes must be specified first)
[0-9 A-Z]	The SET containing all capital letters and digits and a space
[A-Z][a-zA-Z]	In the first position, the SET from Capital A to Capital Z In the second character position, the SET containing all letters
[a-z]{m}	Look for m occurrences of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z
[a-z]{m,n}	Look for at least m occurrences, but no more than n occurrences of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

Regular Expression Examples
/Hello/	Matches if the line contains the value Hello
/^TEST$/	Matches if the line contains TEST by itself
/^[a-zA-Z]/	Matches if the line starts with any letter
/^[a-z].*/	Matches if the first character of the line is a-z and there is at least one more of any character following it
/2134$/	Matches if line ends with 2134
/\(21\|35\)/	Matches is the line contains 21 or 35 Note the use of ( ) with the pipe symbol to specify the ‘or’ condition
/[0-9]*/	Matches if there are zero or more numbers in the line
/^[^#]/	Matches if the first character is not a # in the line
Notes: 1. Regular expressions are case sensitive 2. Regular expressions are to be used where pattern is specified

:n,m	Range – Lines n-m
:.	Range – Current line
:$	Range – Last line
:’c	Range – Marker c
:%	Range – All lines in file
:g/pattern/	Range – All lines that contain pattern

:! Cmd	Executes shell command cmd; you can add these special characters to indicate:% name of current file# name of last file edited
!! cmd	Executes shell command cmd, places output in file starting at current line
:!!	Executes last shell command
:r! cmd	Reads and inserts output from cmd
:f	Displays the name of the current file
:f file	Renames current file to file
:w !cmd	Sends currently edited file to cmd as standard input and execute cmd
:cd dir	Changes current working directory to dir
:sh	Starts a sub-shell (CTRL-d returns to editor)
:so file	Reads and executes commands in file (file is a shell script)
!Motion_cmd	Sends text from current position to Motion Command cmd
!}sort	Sorts from current position to end of paragraph and replaces text with sorted text

:w file	Write to file
:r file	Read file in after line
:n	Go to next file
:p	Go to previous file
:e file	Edit file
!!program	Replace line with output from program

Note: Options given are default. To change them, enter type :set option to turn them on or :set nooptioni to turn them off. To make them execute every time you open VI, create a file in your HOME directory called .exrc and type the options without the colon (:) preceding the option
:set ai	Turns on auto indentation
:set all	Prints all options to the screen
:set ap	Prints line after d c J m :s t u commands
:set bf	Discards control characters from input
:set dir=tmp	Sets tmp to directory or buffer file
:set eb	Precedes error messages with a bell
:set ic	Ignores case when searching
:set lisp	Modifies brackets for Lisp compatibility.
:set list	Shows tabs (^l) and end of line ($)
:set magic	Allows pattern matching with special characters
:set mesg	Allows others to send messages
:set nooption	Turns off option
:set nu	Shows line numbers
:set opt	Speeds output; eliminates automatic RETURN
:set prompt	Prompts for command input with :
:set re	Simulates smart terminal on dumb terminal
:set report	Indicates largest size of changes reported on status line
:set ro	Changes file type to “read only”
:set scroll=n	set n lines for CTRL-d and z
:set sh=shell_path	set shell escape (default is /bin/sh) to shell_path
:set showmode	Indicates input or replace mode at bottom
:set sw=n	Sets shift width to n characters
:set term	Prints terminal type
:set terse	Shorten messages with terse
:set timeout	Eliminates one-second time limit for macros
:set tl=n	Sets significance of tags beyond n characters (0 means all)
:set ts=n	Sets tab stops to n for text input
:set wa	Inhibits normal checks before write commands
:set warn	Warns “no write since last change”
:set window=n	Sets number of lines in a text window to n
:set wm=n	Sets automatic wraparound n spaces from right margin.

NOTE: Map allows you to define strings of VI commands. If you create a file called “.exrc” in your home directory, any map or set command you place inside this file will be executed every time you run VI. To imbed control characters like ESC in the macro, you need to precede them with CTRL-v. If you need to include quotes (“), precede them with a \ (backslash). Unused keys in vi are: K V g q v * = and the function keys. Example (The actual VI commands are in blue):map v /I CTRL-v ESC dwiYou CTRL-v ESC ESC Description: When v is pressed, search for “I” (/I ESC), delete word (dw), and insert “You” (iYou ESC). CTRL-v allows ESC to be inserted
:map key cmd_seq	Defines key to run cmd_seq when pressed
:map	Displays all created macros on status line
:unmap key	Removes macro definition for key
:ab str string	When str is input, replaces it with string
:ab	Displays all abbreviations
:una str	Unabbreviate str

~	Toggle upper and lower case for the character at the current position
J	Joins the line immediately below the current line with the current line
nJ	Joins the next n lines together; omitting n joins the beginning of the next line to the end of the current line
.	Repeat last text-changing command
U	Undo the effect of last command (Note: u in combination with . can allow multiple levels of undo in some versions)
U	Undo all changes to the current line
;	Repeats last f F t or T search command

<	Routes input to command from file
>	Routes output from command to file
>>	Appends output to existing file
\|	Routes output between commands

s	Suspends the screen display
q	Restarts suspended display
d	Signals end of file
c	Cancels a command
z	Suspends a process or job: use fg to restart
u	Clears the command line

Process	Description
init	The Unix program which spawns all other processes.
biod	Works in cooperation with the remote nfsd to handle client NFS requests.
dhcpd	Dynamically configure TCP/IP information for clients.
fingerd	Provides a network interface for the finger protocol, as used by the finger command.
ftpd	Services FTP requests from a remote system. It listens at the port specified in the services file for ftp.
httpd	Web serve daemon.
inetd	Listens for network connection requests. If a request is accepted, it can launch a background daemon to handle the request. Some systems use the replacement command xinetd.
lpd	The line printer daemon that manages printer spooling.
nfsd	Processes NFS operation requests from client systems. Historically each nfsd daemon handled one request at a time, so it was normal to start multiple copies.
ntpd	Network Time Protocol daemon that manages clock synchronization across the network. xntpd implements the version 3 standard of NTP.
rpcbind	Handles conversion of remote procedure calls (RPC), such as from ypbind.
sshd	Listens for secure shell requests from clients.
sendmail	SMTP daemon.
swapper	Copies process regions to swap space in order to reclaim physical pages of memory for the kernel. Also called sched.
syslogd	System logger process that collects various system messages.
syncd	Periodically keeps the file systems synchronized with system memory.
xfsd	Serve X11 fonts to remote clients.
vhand	Releases pages of memory for use by other processes. Also known as the “page stealing daemon”
ypbind	Find the server for an NIS domain and store the information in a file.