\n| \n Process<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| \n Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n init<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| The Unix program which spawns all other processes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n biod<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Works in cooperation with the remote nfsd to handle client NFS requests.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n dhcpd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Dynamically configure TCP\/IP information for clients.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n fingerd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\nProvides a network interface for the finger protocol, as used by the finger<\/em> command.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n ftpd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Services FTP requests from a remote system. It listens at the port specified in the services file for ftp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n httpd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Web serve daemon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n inetd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\nListens for network connection requests. If a request is accepted, it can launch a background daemon to handle the request. Some systems use the replacement command xinetd<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n lpd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| The line printer daemon that manages printer spooling.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n nfsd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Processes NFS operation requests from client systems. Historically each nfsd daemon handled one request at a time, so it was normal to start multiple copies.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n ntpd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\nNetwork Time Protocol daemon that manages clock synchronization across the network. xntpd<\/strong> implements the version 3 standard of NTP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n rpcbind<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Handles conversion of remote procedure calls (RPC), such as from ypbind.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n sshd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Listens for secure shell requests from clients.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n sendmail<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| SMTP daemon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n swapper<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\nCopies process regions to swap space in order to reclaim physical pages of memory for the kernel. Also called sched<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n syslogd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| System logger process that collects various system messages.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n syncd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Periodically keeps the file systems synchronized with system memory.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n xfsd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Serve X11 fonts to remote clients.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n vhand<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n| Releases pages of memory for use by other processes. Also known as the “page stealing daemon”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n ypbind<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\nFind the server for an NIS domain and store the information in a file.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nSystem Security<\/h2>\nThe following mechanism is the ONLY guaranteed method of protecting your work.<\/p>\n Each file and directory is owned by a user, and each user belongs to a group. By default, users own their home directory (the current directory when the user logs in) and the contents of the home directory. Most other files and directories are owned by “root” and other special users. The user assigns a type of privilege to each file and directory owned by the user. By default, the privilege is rwxr-xr-x<\/strong>.<\/p>\nThe first three characters of rwxr-xr-x<\/strong> indicate that the owner can r<\/strong>ead, w<\/strong>rite, and ex<\/strong>ecute the file (or directory). The middle three characters indicate that all other users in the same group as the owner can r<\/strong>ead and ex<\/strong>ecute the file (or directory), but cannot write onto the file (or directory), as indicated by the middle “–<\/strong>” character. The last three characters indicate that everyone else on the system can r<\/strong>ead and ex<\/strong>ecute the file (or directory), but cannot write onto the file (or directory), as indicated by the last “–<\/strong>” character.<\/p>\nTo change the owner’s permissions of a file (or directory), the owner can type:<\/p>\n chown u+r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown u+w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown u+x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\nchown u-r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown u-w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown u-x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\nTo change the group’s permissions of a file (or directory), the owner can type:<\/p>\n chown g+r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown g+w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown g+x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\nchown g-r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown g-w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown g-x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\nTo change the permissions of a file (or directory) for everyone else, the owner can type:<\/p>\n chown o+r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown o+w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown o+x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\nchown o-r file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown o-w file.1<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 chown o-x file.1<\/em><\/strong><\/pre>\n<\/a><\/p>\n\n
<\/h2>\nTyping Shortcuts<\/h2>\n\n- file*<\/em> specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “file” and have 0 or more extra characters. *file*<\/em> specifies all files and sub-directories that contain the string “file” anywhere in their name. fi*le<\/em> specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “fi” and end with “le”, with 0 or more extra characters.<\/li>\n
- file?<\/em> specifies all files and sub-directories that start with “file” and have one extra character.<\/li>\n
- The current directory can be specified as “.”, and the parent directory of the current directory can be specified as “..”. For example, if the current directory is \/usr\/people\/mpagel<\/strong>, I can copy the file \/usr\/people\/huffman\/Crambin.pdb<\/strong> to \/usr\/people\/mpagel\/pdb\/<\/strong> by typing:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cp\u00a0 ..\/huffman\/Crambin.pdb\u00a0 .\/pdb\/<\/strong><\/pre>\n\n- Text on the screen can be highlighted by sweeping the mouse cursor over the text while pressing and holding the left mouse button. This text can be inserted at the command line by clicking the center mouse button, regardless of the mouse cursor position (as long as the mouse cursor remains in the window).<\/li>\n
- If you type the first part of the name of a file or sub-directory in the current directory and then hit the <Esc><\/strong> escape key, the workstation will complete the name for you. For example, if the current directory contains the files template.001<\/strong> and temporary.stuff<\/strong>, then I can type:
\nmore templ<Esc><\/strong>
\nand the workstation will complete the name template.001<\/strong>. Note that if I type:
\nmore temp<Esc><\/strong>
\nthen the workstation will NOT complete the file name, since I have not specified enough characters to unambiguously specify template.001<\/strong> instead of temporary.stuff<\/strong>.<\/li>\n- history<\/strong> Shows list of last 100 commands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
!!<\/strong> Repeats last command<\/p>\n!32<\/strong> Repeats command #32 in the history list<\/p>\n!mor<\/strong> Repeats last command starting with “mor”<\/p>\n\u2022\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If I type mv file.1 dir.1<\/strong> to move | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |