{"id":196,"date":"2009-06-24T11:43:44","date_gmt":"2009-06-24T06:13:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/?p=196"},"modified":"2009-06-24T11:43:44","modified_gmt":"2009-06-24T06:13:44","slug":"unix-commands-quick-reference-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/2009\/06\/unix-commands-quick-reference-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Unix\/Linux commands Quick reference"},"content":{"rendered":"

Quick Reference: Unix Commands and options<\/h2>\n

The following format is used for commands:
\nItalic <\/em>indicates a variable that you supply
\nBold <\/strong>indicates exactly what you type
\n[\u00a0] Square brackets indicate that the thing which they surround is optionally typed. The square brackets themselves are not to be typed.<\/p>\n

To display a command description from the Unix Manual and can be used to get more information on each command. Type following on shell prompt to see the manual:
\nman <\/strong>command<\/em>
\nExample: man ls <\/strong>to find more about the command ls <\/em><\/p>\n

If you are not sure of the exact command name, you can use man<\/code> with the -k <\/code> option to help you find the command you need. To see one line summaries of each reference page that contains the keyword you specify, enter: man -k<\/strong> keyword<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Command<\/strong><\/td>\n\n

Action<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/a> <\/strong><\/td>\nCreates a temporary name (alias) for a Unix command. When you type alias-name<\/em>, string<\/em> is substituted and run in its place. Typically, you put alias commands in your .cshrc file. Aliases can be self-referential without causing infinite recursion, e.g.:
\nalias\u00a0rm\u00a0‘rm\u00a0-i’<\/em> <\/em><\/td>\n		alias <\/strong>alias_<\/em><\/strong>name string <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nTo remove an alias<\/td>\nunalias <\/strong>name <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ansiprint <\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nPrints a file to a printer connected to your computer.<\/td>\nansiprint <\/strong>file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
apropos<\/tt> <\/strong><\/td>\nFind a list of manual pages about a keyword.<\/td>\napropos<\/strong><\/tt> keyword<\/em><\/tt> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ar<\/strong><\/td>\nCreate and maintain library archives<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
archie <\/strong><\/td>\nsearch the Archie database for a file on a FTP site<\/td>\narchie <\/strong>file<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
asa<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Interpret carriage-control characters<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
assets <\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays your account resources, use, and threshold.<\/td>\n <\/strong> <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
At<\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Execute commands at a later time<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
awk<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Pattern scanning and processing language. awk<\/tt> is most commonly used to extract numbered fields from lines of text. For example, the following command prints the third word on each line: awk<\/tt> also supports more complicated scripting – see the manual page.<\/td>\nawk<\/strong><\/tt> '{print\u00a0$5}' [file]<\/em><\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

basename<\/td>\nFile system: Return non-directory portion of a pathname<\/td>\n <\/strong> <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
batch <\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bc<\/strong><\/td>\nA simple calculator; Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language. Uses integer arithmetic by default. For floating-point arithmetic, type “bc\u00a0-l”.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a> <\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Places or runs job in the background.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
break <\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Exit from for, while, or until loop<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cal<\/strong><\/td>\nDisplay a calendar of the current month.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nDisplay a calendar of the given month and year. Note that the year must be fully qualified, for example, “2003” and not “03.”<\/td>\ncal <\/strong>month year<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a> <\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Concatenate and displays specified files<\/td>\ncat <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nOverwrites the file2<\/em> with the content of file1<\/em><\/td>\ncat <\/strong>file1>file2<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nAppend file1<\/em> to the end of file2<\/em><\/td>\ncat <\/strong>file1>>file2<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nCreates a file, typing some text, and finishing by pressing ctrl-d at the start of a line.<\/td>\ncat\u00a0 > <\/strong>file1<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cc<\/strong><\/td>\nCompile a C program<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cd <\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Changes current directory to a different directory.<\/td>\ncd <\/strong> directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nTo change back to your home directory:<\/td>\ncd <\/strong> <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\nDirectory abbreviations:<\/p>\n

~<\/strong> Home directory<\/p>\n

..<\/strong> Parent directory<\/p>\n

.<\/strong> Current working directory<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cflow <\/strong><\/td>\nC Programming : Generate a C-language flowgraph<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chfn<\/td>\nchange your “Real Name” as seen on finger<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chgrp<\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Change the file group ownership. Makes file belong to the group user. NOTE: You must be the owner of the file\/directory or be root<\/td>\nchgrp <\/strong>user file<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chmod <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Change the file modes\/attributes\/permissions NOTE: You must be the owner of the file\/directory or be root<\/td>\nchmod <\/strong> code file <\/em>
\nchmod <\/strong> code directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo keep a file private<\/td>\nchmod <\/strong> 600 file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo give everyone read permission:<\/td>\nchmod <\/strong> 664 file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chown<\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Change the file ownership NOTE: You must be the owner of the file\/directory or be root<\/td>\nchown<\/strong> new_own file<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMakes cliff(new_own)<\/em> the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree. NOTE: You must be the owner of the file\/directory or be root<\/td>\nchown<\/strong> -R<\/strong> cliff dir<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chsh<\/td>\nchange the shell you log into<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cksum<\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Write file checksums and sizes<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
clear<\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nClears terminal screen<\/td>\nclear<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cmp<\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Compare two files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
comm<\/td>\nText Processing: Select or reject lines common to two files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
command<\/td>\nShell programming: Execute a simple command<\/td>\ncommand <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Executes command1<\/em> in background<\/td>\nCommand1&<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
compress <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Reduces the size of a file and adds .Z to the file’s name.<\/td>\ncompress <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo restore a compressed file:<\/td>\nuncompress <\/strong> file.Z <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
continue<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Continue for, while, or until loop<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cp <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Makes a copy of a file.<\/td>\ncp <\/strong> file1 file2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo copy a file into a different directory:<\/td>\ncp <\/strong> file directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo inquire before overwriting an existing file:<\/td>\ncp -i <\/strong> file1 file2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTo copy a directory and, recursively, its subdirectories<\/td>\ncp -r <\/strong>dir1 dir2<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTo retain timestamp while copying<\/td>\ncp -p <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
crontab<\/strong><\/td>\nSchedule periodic background work<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
csplit<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Split files based on context<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ctags<\/strong><\/td>\nC Programming: Create a tags file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cut<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Cut out selected fields of each line of a file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cxref<\/strong><\/td>\nC Programming: Generate a C-language program cross-reference table<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
date<\/td>\nDisplay the current local date and time.<\/td>\ndate<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dd<\/td>\nFile system: Convert and copy a file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
delta<\/td>\nMake a delta (change) to an SCCS file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Df<\/td>\nFile system: Report free disk space available on the system<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nprint list of disks and current capacity (in kilobytes)<\/td>\ndf -k<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Compares two files and displays the differences. Here, shows differences between file1<\/em> and file2<\/em><\/td>\ndiff <\/strong>file1 file2<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dirname<\/td>\nFile system: Return the directory portion of a pathname<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dos2unix<\/td>\nstrips CR’s out of dos text files<\/td>\ndos2unix<\/strong> <file> <new_file><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dot<\/td>\nShell programming: Execute commands in the current environment<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Du<\/td>\nFile system: Estimate file space usage<\/td>\ndu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nPrint size (in kilobytes) of current directory (“.”). Variations:
\ndu -sk *<\/strong> prints sizes (in kilobytes) of all files and sub-directories
\ndu -sk file <\/em><\/strong>prints size (in kilobytes) of file<\/em><\/p>\n

du -sk dir <\/em><\/strong>prints sum of size (in kilobytes) of dir<\/em> and its contents<\/td>\n

du -sk <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dvips<\/td>\nPrint .dvi<\/strong> files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect<\/strong> to print only selected pages.<\/td>\ndvips <\/strong>filename<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
echo<\/td>\nShell programming: Displays a line of text or<\/p>\n

Write arguments to standard output. Note that the shell will expand variables in the line, e.g. ”\u00a0echo\u00a0$user<\/tt> ” will print the contents of the variable user<\/tt>. Use single quotes (e.g. ”\u00a0echo\u00a0'$user'<\/tt> “) if you want to prevent this.<\/td>\n

echo <\/strong>text<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nExample: This command find out what shell you are using by the command<\/td>\necho<\/strong> $SHELL<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ed<\/td>\nText Processing: The standard text editor<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
elm<\/td>\nAnother email program<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
emacs<\/td>\nText editor: Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs. It’s Extremely versatile. In emacs, press ctrl-h<\/tt>, t<\/tt> for a tutorial.<\/td>\nemacs<\/strong> filename<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
env<\/td>\nSet the environment for command invocation<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
eval<\/td>\nShell programming: Construct command by concatenating arguments<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ex<\/td>\nText Processing: Text editor<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
exec<\/td>\nShell programming: Execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
exit<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Exits from the current shell. Similar to logout, but can also be used in shell scripts.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
expand<\/td>\nText Processing: Convert tabs to spaces<\/td>\n <\/strong> <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
export<\/td>\nSet the export attribute for variables<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
expr<\/td>\nShell programming: Evaluate arguments as an expression. Give it expressions on the command line. Make sure to put spaces around the numbers, e.g.
\nexpr\u00a0‘2\u00a0+\u00a02’<\/td>\n		expr<\/strong> ‘expression<\/em>‘<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

false<\/td>\nShell programming: Return false value<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fc<\/td>\nProcess the command history list<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ff<\/strong><\/td>\nFind files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you’ve forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p<\/strong> you don’t even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Restarts a suspended job in the foreground.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
File<\/td>\nFile system: Determine file type<\/td>\nfile <\/strong>files<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
find<\/td>\nFile system: Find the loation of file.1<\/em> in the directory and sub-directories. Variations:
\nfind . -name “*pattern<\/em>” -print<\/strong> finds all files that end with pattern<\/em>.
\nfind . -name file.1<\/em> -exec rm ‘{}’ ‘;’<\/strong> removes all files named file.1<\/em>.<\/td>\n		find . -name <\/strong>file.1 <\/em> -print<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
finger <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays user information at the specified computer.<\/td>\nfinger <\/strong> userid@computer <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo change your finger entry information:<\/td>\nchfn <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fold<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Filter for folding lines<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fort77<\/strong><\/td>\nC Programming: FORTRAN compiler<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ftp <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nStarts the file transfer program with a remote computer insecurely. This method does not use encryption, so there is a risk of your password and other data being spied on. It should be avoided wherever scp is available.<\/td>\nftp <\/strong>host_address <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fuser<\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gcc<\/td>\nCompiles C source into a file named ‘a.out’. It compiles a C program with the GNU C-compiler<\/td>\ngcc <\/strong> file.c<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gencat<\/td>\nGenerate a formatted message catalog<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
genscript<\/td>\nConverts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop ‘genscript -2 -r !* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr’<\/strong> to print two pages on one piece of paper.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
getconf<\/strong><\/td>\nGet configuration values<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
getopts<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Parse utility options<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gopher<\/strong><\/td>\nA Gopher database browser<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nFinds lines in a file matching a character pattern. grep comes in several varieties (grep<\/strong>, egrep<\/strong>, and fgrep<\/strong>) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.<\/td>\ngrep -icvn <\/strong> pattern file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n-i<\/strong> Ignores case<\/p>\n

-c<\/strong> Lists count of lines that contain pattern<\/p>\n

-v<\/strong> Lists all lines except those with pattern<\/p>\n

-n<\/strong> Lists line number for each found pattern<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gzip<\/strong><\/td>\nCompress the specified files. This turns filename<\/tt> into filename.gz<\/tt>, which is smaller.
\nText files compress very well, but with binary data files you might not save much disk space<\/td>\n		gzip<\/strong><\/tt> file...<\/em><\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\nUncompress the specified files.The opposite of the gzip<\/tt> command.<\/td>\ngunzip<\/strong><\/tt> file...<\/em><\/tt> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nTo\u00a0 look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c<\/strong>). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename<\/em> | lpr<\/strong><\/td>\ngzcat <\/strong>filename<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hash<\/strong><\/td>\nRemember or report utility locations<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Displays the first ten lines of a file.<\/td>\nhead <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo display the first n<\/em> number of lines<\/td>\nhead -n <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
help <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays an online help note.<\/td>\nhelp <\/strong> note <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo display a list of help notes:<\/td>\nhelp -l <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
history <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays a list of your most recent commands.<\/td>\nhistory <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo repeat the nth command from the list. (for example, type “!m” to repeat the last command that began with “m”)<\/td>\n! <\/strong> n <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo repeat your most recent command<\/td>\n!! <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hostname<\/td>\nShow the name of the machine<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iconv<\/td>\nText Processing: Codeset conversion<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Id<\/td>\nReturn user identity<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ipcrm<\/td>\nRemove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment identifier<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ipcs<\/td>\nReport interprocess communication facilities status<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irc<\/strong><\/td>\nconnect to Internet Relay Chat<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Displays active jobs and their corresponding job numbers<\/td>\njobs <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo start a job in the background:<\/td>\njob <\/strong> & <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo return a job to the foreground by the job number<\/td>\nfg <\/strong> %number <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo send a running job to the background:<\/td>\n<Control>z bg <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
join<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Relational database operator<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Terminates a process by its p<\/strong><\/em>rocess i<\/strong><\/em>d<\/strong>entification n<\/em>umber.<\/td>\nkill <\/strong>pid <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nRemove suspended process #1<\/td>\nkill %1<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo use the strongest form of the kill<\/strong> command:<\/td>\nkill -9 <\/strong>pid <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
less<\/td>\nShows file a page at a time. Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems<\/td>\nless<\/strong> filename<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lex<\/strong><\/td>\nC Programming: Generate programs for lexical tasks<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
link<\/td>\nFile system: Call link function<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ln<\/td>\nFile system: Link files<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMake symbolic links; make a link file2<\/em><\/tt>, which points to file1<\/em><\/tt><\/td>\nln -s<\/strong><\/tt> <\/strong>file1<\/em><\/tt> file2<\/em><\/tt><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
locale<\/td>\nGet locale-specific information<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
localedef<\/strong><\/td>\nDefine locale environment<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
logger<\/strong><\/td>\nShell programming: Log messages<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
login<\/td>\nLogs in the system or starts a computer session<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
logname<\/strong><\/td>\nReturn the user’s login name<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nEnds your computer session; logs off the system<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lpr<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Show list of available printers and questions to direct your printing of a file to a particular printer<\/td>\nlpr <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nIf you put several filenames after lpr<\/tt>, this will typically send several files in a single print job. The -Pprinter<\/em><\/tt> option sends the job to the specified printer. If you do not specify a -Pprinter<\/em><\/tt> option, then lpr<\/tt> will use the contents of the PRINTER<\/tt> environment variable. You may wish to setup a default printer by putting a line like the following into your .login<\/tt> file: setenv\u00a0PRINTER\u00a0mylocalprinter<\/em><\/tt><\/td>\nlpr <\/strong>files<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

lpr <\/strong>-Pprinter<\/em> files<\/em><\/tt><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

lprm<\/strong><\/td>\nRemove print job from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn’t necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.<\/td>\nlprm<\/strong><\/tt> -P<\/strong>printer<\/em> job_numbers<\/em><\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Lpq<\/strong><\/td>\nShow the queue of jobs for a given printer or default printer in case -Pprinter is not specified.<\/em> e.g. to get the job number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out<\/em><\/td>\nlpq<\/strong><\/tt> -P<\/strong>printer<\/em><\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

ls <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Lists the files and subdirectories in your current directory.<\/td>\nls -Fltra <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n-l \u00a0 \u00a0 Lists long format<\/p>\n

-t \u00a0 \u00a0 Lists by modification time<\/p>\n

-r \u00a0 \u00a0 Lists in reverse order<\/p>\n

-F \u00a0 \u00a0 Lists file type with special character<\/p>\n

-a \u00a0 \u00a0 Lists all files including dot (.<\/strong>) files<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
lynx <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nStarts a text-only web browser session at UW home page. It’s a textual World Wide Web browser<\/td>\nlynx <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nStarts a Web browser session at a specific Web address.<\/td>\nlynx <\/strong> url <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mailx<\/strong><\/td>\nProcess messages<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
make<\/strong><\/td>\nMaintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs; compiles source code<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays Unix Manual entry for a command.<\/td>\nman <\/strong> command <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo search Manual Index for a keyword or topic:<\/td>\nman -k <\/strong> keyword <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mc<\/strong><\/td>\n“midnight commander” – Interactive file explorer. Provides an alternative to many typed commands. NB not installed on many systems<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mesg <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays your talk and write message access status.<\/td>\nmesg <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo set your message status to yes or no:<\/td>\nmesg y<\/strong> (or n<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mkdir <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Creates a new directory within your current directory.<\/td>\nmkdir <\/strong> directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mkfifo<\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Make FIFO special file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
more <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Displays a file one screen at a time. views a file, pausing every screenful. If no files are specified on the command line, then more displays standard input. For example, if you want to list a lot of files a screen at a time, type: ls\u00a0|\u00a0more
\nPress space to go forward one screen, enter to go forward one line.<\/td>\n		more <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nUse <Spacebar><\/strong> to scroll forward and q<\/strong> to quit.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mv <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Moves a file to a different directory.<\/td>\nmv <\/strong> file directory <\/em><\/p>\n

mv <\/strong> files directory<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nMoves a directory to a second directory.<\/td>\nmv <\/strong> directory1 directory2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo rename file1 as file2:<\/td>\nmv <\/strong> file1 file2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo rename directory1 as directory2:<\/td>\nmv <\/strong> directory1 directory2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo inquire before overwriting an existing file:<\/td>\nmv -i <\/strong> file1 file2 <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
netscape<\/td>\nGraphical web browser and Email Program: Mainly used for web browsing, it can also be used for sending and receiving email<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
newgrp<\/td>\nChange to a new group<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nice<\/td>\nProcess Management: Invoke a utility with an altered nice value to change priority of job<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nl<\/td>\nText Processing: Line numbering filter<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nm<\/td>\nC Programming: Write the name list of an object file<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nohup<\/td>\nProcess Management: Invoke a utility immune to hang-ups; it continue a job even after logout<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Od<\/td>\nDump files in various formats<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
osview<\/td>\ndisplay the operating system statistics<\/td>\nosview<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
paste<\/td>\nText Processing: Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nStarts program to change account password. You’ll have to type your old password before you type a new one.
\nYou won’t see the password when you type it, but you type it twice to make sure. Choose a password which can’t be easily guessed, and keep it secret.<\/td>\n		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
patch<\/td>\nText Processing: Apply changes to files<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pathchk<\/td>\nFile system: Check pathnames<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pico <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nEasy-to-use text editor: Starts the Pico text editor with a file,but not very powerful! The same as you get with the pine<\/tt> mailer.<\/td>\npico <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pine <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nIt’s an easy to use mail program. Starts the Pine\u00ae electronic mail program.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pr<\/td>\nText Processing: Print files<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
printenv<\/td>\nShow content of an environment variable. If variable<\/em> is not typed, printenv will list all<\/em> the environment variables.<\/td>\nprintenv<\/strong> [variable<\/em>]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
printf<\/td>\nShell programming: Write formatted output<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prs<\/td>\nPrint an SCCS file<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ps <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Displays processes and their corresponding process identification numbers.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nDisplay expanded list of all processes and typically show everybody’s<\/em> processes.<\/td>\nps -ef<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pushd<\/tt><\/strong><\/td>\nAdd entry to directory stack Use this to go temporarily to another directory.<\/td>\npushd<\/strong><\/tt> directory<\/em><\/tt><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nType popd<\/tt> when you want to go back to the directory you were in when you typed pushd<\/tt>; means to remove entry from directory stack<\/td>\npopd<\/strong><\/tt> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pwd <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Displays absolute pathname of current directory. i.e. show the directory that you are in (p<\/strong>resent w<\/strong>orking d<\/strong>irectory)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qalter<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Alter batch job<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qdel<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Delete batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qhold<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Hold batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qmove<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Move batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qmsg<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Send message to batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qrerun<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Rerun batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qrls<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Release batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qselect<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Select batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qsig<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Signal batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qstat<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Show status of batch jobs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
qsub<\/td>\nBatch Utilities: Submit a script<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
quota<\/td>\nFinding out your available disk space quota. Show how your disk usage compares with your permitted maximum. Your disk usage may exceed your “quota” for a short “grace period” (typically a week), but it may never exceed your “limit”. If the grace period runs out, you will have to delete files before you can create any more.
\nYou may have to type “quota\u00a0-v<\/tt>” to get full information.<\/td>\n		quota -v<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rcp<\/td>\nCopy files between machines (insecurely). Usage is analogous to scp.<\/p>\n

This method does not use encryption, so there is a risk of your password and other data being spied on. It should be avoided wherever scp is available<\/td>\n

rcp<\/strong> [username<\/em>@]machine<\/em>:file<\/em> file<\/em> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
read<\/td>\nShell programming: Read a line from standard input<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
readonly<\/td>\nSet the readonly attribute for variables<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
renice<\/td>\nProcess Management: Set nice values of running processes. Your command will have less impact on other users. number<\/em> typically ranges from 0 to 19. process<\/em> can either be a “PID” number as reported by ps or top, or “%jobnumber<\/em>” as reported by jobs.<\/td>\nrenice<\/strong> number process<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
return<\/td>\nShell programming: Return from a function<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Permanently deletes a file.<\/td>\nrm <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo verify prior to removal<\/td>\nrm -I <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nTo remove directory, subdirectories with files recursively<\/td>\nrm -r<\/strong> directory<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nTo forcibly remove directory content recursively without having write permission on it<\/td>\nrm -rf<\/strong> directory<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rmdir <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nFile system: Deletes an empty directory.<\/td>\nrmdir <\/strong> directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo verify prior to removal<\/td>\nrmdir -i <\/strong> directory <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rz<\/strong><\/td>\nRecieve a file (to the unix system) using zmodem<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
scp<\/strong><\/td>\nCopy files between machines (securely) The syntax would copy a file from a remote machine to the local machine. To do the converse, use: scp\u00a0file<\/em> [username<\/em>@]machine<\/em>:file<\/em>
\nOmit the “username<\/em>@” bit if your username on the other machine is the same as on the local machine.<\/td>\n		scp<\/strong> [username<\/em>@]machine<\/em>:file<\/em> file<\/em> <\/strong><\/tt><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sed<\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Stream editor. It is most commonly used to perform search-and-replace operations on text. The following command globally replaces pattern<\/em> with replacement<\/em>. It also supports more complicated scripting – see the manual page<\/td>\nsed<\/strong><\/tt> 's\/<\/strong>pattern<\/em>\/replacement<\/em>\/g'<\/strong> [file]<\/em><\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

set<\/strong><\/td>\nSet or unset options and positional parameters. The value of shell variables can be accessed as “$variable”. Shell variables are seen only by the shell, and are not passed to commands.<\/td>\nset<\/strong> variable<\/em>=value<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

setenv<\/td>\nList environmental variables.<\/td>\nsetenv<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSet an environment variable<\/p>\n

The value of environment variables can be accessed as “$variable<\/em>“. Block capitals are conventionally used for names of environment variables. Environment variables are passed from the shell to commands, and may affect the behavior of commands (e.g. $PRINTER affects lpr).<\/td>\n

setenv<\/strong> variable value<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sftp<\/td>\nSecure file transfer protocol<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sh<\/td>\nShell programming: Shell, the standard command language interpreter<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
shift<\/td>\nShell programming: Shift positional parameters<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sleep<\/td>\nShell programming: Suspend execution for an interval<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sort<\/td>\nText Processing: Sort, merge, or sequence check text files. Order the lines in a file or files alphabetically (this command does not alter the file or files — it merely displays the sorted output to the screen)<\/td>\nsort <\/strong>files<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays contents of files<\/em> sorted alphabetically in reverse order.<\/td>\nsort -r <\/strong>files<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays contents of files <\/em>sorted numerically (puts 2 before 10 instead of after).<\/td>\nsort -n <\/strong>files<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nChecks the spelling in a file.<\/td>\nspell <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
split<\/strong><\/td>\nSplit files into pieces<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ssh<\/strong><\/td>\nConnect to another machine<\/td>\nssh <\/strong>hostname<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
staffdir <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays the Online UW Staff Directory.<\/td>\nstaffdir <\/strong> “lastname, firstname<\/em>“<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nTo display all fields:<\/td>\nstaffdir -full <\/strong> “lastname, firstname<\/em>“<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
strings<\/td>\nC Programming: Find printable strings in files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
strip<\/td>\nC Programming: Remove unnecessary information from executable files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
stty<\/td>\nSet the options for a terminal<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sz<\/td>\nSend a file (to you) using zmodem<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tabs<\/td>\nSet terminal tabs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tail<\/td>\nText Processing: Copy the last ten lines of a file<\/td>\ntail <\/strong> file<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nText Processing: To display the last n<\/em> number of lines<\/td>\ntail -n <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nText Processing: It skips initial n number of lines and displays rest<\/td>\nTail +n <\/strong>file<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
talk<\/td>\nInitiate a conversation with another user (end conversation with Control-C); talk<\/strong> works only between machines of the same architecture. This feature disabled on many systems.<\/td>\ntalk <\/strong>user[@machine]<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tar<\/td>\nThe tar command stands for “tape archive”. It is the “standard” way to read and write archives (collections of files and whole directory trees. It combines multiple files into one or vice-versa; store an image of dir.1<\/em> and it’s contents in file file.1<\/em><\/td>\ntar -cvf <\/strong>dir.1.tar dir.1<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nExtracts (x) files from the default tape drive while listing (v = verbose) the file names to the screen<\/td>\ntar -xv <\/strong>dir.1.tar<\/em> <\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tee<\/td>\nShell programming: Duplicate standard input<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
telnet <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nStarts a telnet session with a remote computer.<\/td>\ntelnet <\/strong> host_address <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
test<\/td>\nShell programming: Evaluate expression<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
time<\/td>\nProcess Management: Time a simple command<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
times<\/td>\nProcess Management: Write process times<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tin, trn<\/td>\nRead Usenet newsgroups<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
top<\/td>\nDisplay the current, most computer-intensive commands. Press “q” to quit from the display<\/td>\ntop<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
touch<\/td>\nFile system: Change file access and modification times<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tput<\/td>\nChange terminal characteristics<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr<\/td>\nText Processing: Translate characters<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trap<\/td>\nProcess Management: Trap signals<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tree<\/td>\nDraw a tree-like recursive directory listing. Not installed on many systems<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
true<\/td>\nShell programming: Return true value<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tsort<\/td>\nText Processing: Topological sort<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tty<\/td>\nReturn user’s terminal name<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
type<\/td>\nDisplays how a name would be interpreted if used as a command<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ulimit<\/td>\nSet or report file size limit<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
umask<\/td>\nGet or set the file mode creation mask means change permissions on new files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unalias<\/td>\nRemove alias definitions<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uname<\/td>\nReturn system name<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uncompress<\/td>\nExpand compressed data<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unexpand<\/td>\nText Processing: Convert spaces to tabs<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unget<\/td>\nUndo a previous get of an SCCS file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uniq<\/td>\nText Processing: Report or filter out repeated lines in a file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unix2dos<\/td>\nadds CR’s to unix text files<\/td>\nunix2dos<\/strong> <file> <new_file><\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unlink<\/td>\nFile system: Call the unlink function<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unset<\/td>\nUnset values and attributes of variables and functions<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uucp<\/td>\nSystem-to-system copy<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uudecode<\/td>\nDecode a binary file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uuencode<\/td>\nEncode a binary file<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uustat<\/td>\nuucp status inquiry and job control<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uux<\/td>\nProcess Management: Remote command execution<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
val<\/td>\nValidate SCCS files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: Starts the vi text editor with a file.<\/td>\nvi <\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nDisplays a list of who is on system and what they are doing. Especially useful: the ‘idle’ part. This allows you to see whether they’re actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wait<\/strong><\/td>\nProcess Management: Await process completion<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wc <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\nText Processing: counts lines, words, and characters in file file<\/em>. Variations:
\nwc -l<\/strong> counts lines in file file<\/em>
\nwc -w<\/strong> counts words in file file<\/em>
\nwc -c<\/strong> counts characters in file file<\/em><\/td>\n		wc <\/strong> -lwc<\/strong> file <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
what<\/td>\nIdentify SCCS files<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
where<\/td>\nFind out the places where a command program is installed on the system. This uses your search path ($PATH) to know where to look. If the program is installed in more than one place, the first one listed is the one which is run when you type the command.<\/td>\nwhere <\/strong>command<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
which<\/td>\nList location of executable command<\/em>. It’s same as where<\/em> command, but only lists the first occurrence of the command.<\/td>\nwhich <\/strong>command<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
who<\/td>\nDisplay a list of users currently logged into system<\/td>\nwho<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nDisplay list current user in that window<\/td>\nwhoami<\/strong> or who am i<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
write<\/td>\nWrite to another user’s terminal, (user) is a email address; <ctrl-c> to end<\/td>\nwrite <\/strong>user<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xargs<\/td>\nShell programming: Construct argument lists and invoke utility<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xcal<\/tt><\/td>\nGraphical calculator application. Fairly intuitive to use. Type sums, or press the calculator buttons with the mouse<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xemacs<\/tt><\/p>\n

<\/tt><\/td>\n

Alternative version of emacs. The “normal” emacs is the GNU version. This is a slightly different version which you may or may not prefer.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xhost<\/tt><\/td>\nPermit another machine to open windows on the display. This command is insecure, because it makes no distinction between users on the remote machine. It should not be used when ssh is in use.<\/td>\nxhost<\/strong> machine<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xman<\/tt><\/td>\nGraphical interface to manual pages<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
yacc<\/td>\nC Programming: Yet another compiler compiler<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zcat<\/td>\nText Processing: Expand and concatenate data<\/td>\nzcat<\/strong> file<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zip<\/td>\nzip the file<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Quick Reference: Unix Commands and options The following format is used for commands: Italic indicates a variable that you supply Bold indicates exactly what you type [\u00a0] Square brackets indicate that the thing which they surround is optionally typed. The square brackets themselves are not to be typed. To display a command description from the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,18,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linuxunixsolaris","category-shell-scripting","category-unix-administration-linuxunixsolaris"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=196"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oratraining.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}